6th Grade - Chapter 11 Online Review
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Which describes the surface processes that break down rock?
a.
breakdown
b.
climate
c.
gravity
d.
weathering
____ 2. What two types of weathering shape Earth's surface?
a.
ice wedging and sand
b.
magnetite and climate
c.
mechanical and chemical
d.
oxidation and silt
____ 3. Bill is creating a poster about soil formation.
What other factor affects soil formation?
a.
carbon dioxide
b.
fertilizer
c.
gravity
d.
type of vegetation
____ 4. Suzanne needs good soil for her new garden. Equal amounts of what two materials make up the good-quality soil she needs?
a.
granite and weathered silt material
b.
humus and weathered rock material
c.
nodules of hard rock and clay
d.
weathered sand material and clay
____ 5. What occurs when rocks are broken apart by physical processes?
a.
chemical weathering
b.
fragment weathering
c.
mechanical weathering
d.
radiant weathering
____ 6. At a plant nursery, Lori learned that her favorite flower grows best in soil with a pH balance of 7. What kind of pH balance does this soil have?
a.
equal
b.
negative
c.
neutral
d.
positive
____ 7. While on a vacation, Miguel notices some rocks that have a reddish color. What might explain the color of the rocks?
a.
acidic soil
b.
climate
c.
mechanical weathering
d.
oxidation
____ 8. Sean is looking at a place where a nearby highway cuts through some hills. He is particularly curious about the level of soil that seems to consist of partially weathered rock. What horizon is Sean looking at?
a.
A horizon
b.
B horizon
c.
C horizon
d.
D horizon
____ 9. Which type of soil structure has small peds due to mixing by earthworms, frost, and rodents?
a.
blocky
b.
granular
c.
platy
d.
prismatic
____ 10. Kathy's class has been learning about soil. Kathy has almost completed a sheet about topsoil.
What is another characteristic of topsoil?
a.
consists almost entirely of sand
b.
holds water well
c.
lasts longer if overgrazed
d.
quickly erodes if no-till farming is used
____ 11. Why is soil on steep slopes often poorly developed?
a.
Almost all the good material stays near the top of the slope.
b.
Material moves downhill before it can be weathered.
c.
Poor material tends to stay near the bottom of steep slopes.
d.
Water tend to move toward the bottom of steep slopes.
____ 12. Why can overgrazing damage soil?
a.
Animals' feet damage the soil.
b.
It increases moisture in the soil.
c.
Soil is carried away by wind.
d.
Trees cannot grow where animals graze.
____ 13. Soil is a mixture of weathered rock, mineral fragments, water, air and ____.
a.
sand
c.
moss
b.
decayed organic matter
d.
clay
____ 14. The layer of soil that contains the most organic material is called the ____ horizon.
a.
A
c.
C
b.
B
d.
D
____ 15. All of the following cause mechanical weathering EXCEPT ____.
a.
ice
c.
burrowing animals
b.
tree roots
d.
carbonic acid
____ 16. Litter often covers the ____ horizon.
a.
A
c.
C
b.
B
d.
all of the above
____ 17. Chemical weathering is more rapid in a ____ climate.
a.
warm, dry
c.
cold, dry
b.
warm, wet
d.
cold, wet
____ 18. Mechanical weathering is more rapid in a ____ climate.
a.
dry
c.
cold
b.
hot
d.
humid
____ 19. Soil erosion can be slowed by ____.
a.
no-till farming
c.
plowing at least three times a year
b.
cutting trees from the middle of fields
d.
farming on steeper slopes
____ 20. The organic matter in humus is made of ____.
a.
dead worms
c.
roots
b.
stems
d.
all of the above
____ 21. The rate of weathering depends upon the area's ____.
a.
oxygen
c.
water
b.
climate
d.
soil
____ 22. The rock and mineral fragments in soil come from rock that has been ____.
a.
blasted
c.
weathered
b.
carved
d.
chemically treated
____ 23. On steep slopes and mountains, ____ helps reduce erosion by creating level areas for crops.
a.
a shelter belt
c.
mulching
b.
strip cropping
d.
terracing
____ 24. The difference between mechanical and chemical weathering is ____.
a.
the length of time each takes to break up a rock
b.
that only chemical weathering involves water
c.
the way they affect the makeup of a rock
d.
all of the above
____ 25. Soils in ____ contain little organic material and are thin.
a.
tropical areas
c.
prairies
b.
deserts
d.
temperate forests
____ 26. Plants cannot grow without ____.
a.
rocks
c.
moss
b.
soil
d.
pesticides
____ 27. ____ regions are especially vulnerable to erosion because their soils are useful to farmers for only a few years before their nutrients are gone.
a.
Desert
c.
Mountain
b.
Tropical
d.
Prairie
____ 28. The mass of clay, silt, sand, and boulders that covers much of the United States was deposited by ____.
a.
farming
c.
ice wedging
b.
glaciers
d.
huge bulldozers
____ 29. Ice wedging is brought about by ____.
a.
carbonic acid freezing on rocks
c.
water freezing and thawing
b.
water and oxygen reacting
d.
rocks colliding with each other
____ 30. Minerals found in the B horizon were dissolved in water and carried there by a process called ____.
a.
oxidation
c.
weathering
b.
leaching
d.
littering
____ 31. Oxidation occurs when materials containing ____ are exposed to oxygen and water.
a.
iron
c.
kaolinite
b.
carbonic acid
d.
all of the above
____ 32. In bottomlands where water is plentiful, soil is often ____.
a.
thin
c.
thick
b.
rocky
d.
light
____ 33. The B horizon is ____.
a.
rockier than the C horizon
c.
lighter than the A horizon
b.
richer in humus than the A horizon
d.
thinner than the C horizon
____ 34. Plants don't grow as well when ____ has been lost.
a.
clay
c.
parent rock
b.
topsoil
d.
slope
____ 35. ____ is a factor that affects soil development.
a.
Time
c.
Type of rock
b.
Slope
d.
all of the above
____ 36. The ____ horizon has smaller rock and mineral particles than the other layers.
a.
A
c.
C
b.
B
d.
D
____ 37. Below the C horizon is ____.
a.
topsoil
c.
clay
b.
rock
d.
humus
____ 38. In wet climates, granite weathers more slowly than ____.
a.
marble
c.
kaolinite
b.
feldspar
d.
calcite
____ 39. Mechanical weathering ____.
a.
breaks apart rocks by physical processes
b.
occurs when chemical reactions dissolve or change the minerals in rocks
c.
occurs when iron is exposed to oxygen and water
d.
none of the above
____ 40. Chemical weathering ____.
a.
is caused by freezing and thawing
b.
breaks apart rocks by physical processes
c.
occurs when chemical reactions dissolve or change the minerals in rocks
d.
none of above
____ 41. In areas where freezing and thawing occur frequently, rocks weather rapidly because of the ____ of freezing water.
a.
evaporation
c.
leaching
b.
expansion
d.
oxidation
____ 42. When water mixes with carbon dioxide gas in the air or soil, ____ forms.
a.
carbonic acid
c.
calcite
b.
lactic acid
d.
oxygen
____ 43. At construction sites, workers often reduce erosion by ____.
a.
covering exposed ground
c.
planting trees
b.
spraying water on bare soil
d.
none of the above
____ 44. Because desert soils contain little organic material, their soil profiles have ____ horizons.
a.
thick
c.
thin
b.
no
d.
b or c
____ 45. ____ turns and loosens soil, improving it for crops, but leaving soil vulnerable to erosion.
a.
Grazing
c.
Plowing
b.
No-tilling farming
d.
Terracing
____ 46. Soil erosion occurs ____.
a.
where animals eat away all the plants
c.
on steep slopes
b.
when forests are removed
d.
all of the above
____ 47. When farmers leave plant stalks in the field to reduce soil erosion, it is called ____.
a.
contour farming
c.
no-till farming
b.
plowing
d.
terracing
____ 48. Soil is a mixture of weathered rock and ____.
a.
water and air
c.
mineral fragments
b.
decayed organic matter
d.
all of these
____ 49. The layer of soil that contains more humus and smaller rock and mineral particles than the other layers is the ____ horizon.
a.
A
c.
C
b.
B
d.
D
____ 50. All of the following are direct causes of mechanical weathering except ____.
a.
ice
c.
water
b.
tree roots
d.
oxygen
____ 51. Over thousands of years, ____ has chemically weathered limestone, creating caves.
a.
kaolinite clay
c.
oxidation
b.
carbonic acid
d.
sediment
____ 52. Chemical weathering is more rapid in a ____ climate.
a.
dry
c.
cold
b.
tropical
d.
moderate
____ 53. Mechanical weathering is more rapid in a ____ climate.
a.
dry
c.
cold
b.
tropical
d.
moderate
____ 54. When livestock eat all the grass on the land, the land is said to be ____.
a.
overgrazed
c.
weathered
b.
leached
d.
all of these
____ 55. The organic material in humus includes ____.
a.
plant leaves and stems
c.
sand
b.
weathered rocks
d.
air
____ 56. How fast weathering occurs depends on the ____ of an area.
a.
oxygen
c.
water
b.
climate
d.
vegetation
____ 57. In no-till farming, plant stalks are ____.
a.
destroyed
c.
left in the field
b.
covered with water
d.
plowed under
____ 58. Compared to the A horizon in a soil profile, the B horizon ____.
a.
is lighter in color
b.
contains material leached from the A horizon
c.
contains less humus
d.
all of these
____ 59. The difference between mechanical and chemical weathering is ____.
a.
the length of time each takes to break up rock
b.
that each occurs in different parts of the world
c.
only one changes the chemical composition of a rock
d.
that only chemical weathering involves water
____ 60. Soil horizons in deserts are ____ than soil horizons in wetter climates.
a.
thicker
c.
darker
b.
thinner
d.
more fertile
____ 61. Forest harvesting creates the most severe problems in ____ regions.
a.
desert
c.
urban
b.
tropical
d.
mountain
____ 62. Agricultural practices that slow soil erosion include ____.
a.
planting shelter belts of trees
b.
plowing
c.
allowing livestock to graze wherever they want
d.
leaving soil open to rain
____ 63. Causes of soil erosion include ____.
a.
wind
c.
removal of vegetation
b.
water
d.
all of these
____ 64. Ice wedging is caused by ____.
a.
acid freezing on rocks
c.
water freezing and thawing
b.
water and oxygen reacting
d.
all of these
____ 65. The minerals found in the B and C horizons were dissolved in water and carried down to those soil layers by a process called ____.
a.
oxidation
c.
weathering
b.
leaching
d.
precipitation
____ 66. Oxidation requires a combination of three things: ____.
a.
iron, oxygen, and water
c.
rock, oxygen, and water
b.
iron, carbon dioxide, and water
d.
acid, iron, and oxygen
____ 67. An area's climate is its ____.
a.
high and low temperatures
c.
pattern of weather over many years
b.
annual rainfall
d.
daily weather over the last year
The following questions are based on a soil profile.
____ 68. The B horizon is ____.
a.
darker than A
c.
lighter than A
b.
darker than C
d.
lighter than C
____ 69. The A horizon is high in ____.
a.
clay
c.
rocks
b.
organic materials
d.
leached materials
____ 70. Leaching occurs mainly in the ____ horizon.
a.
A
c.
C
b.
B
d.
D
____ 71. Weathering occurs most rapidly in the ____ horizon.
a.
A
c.
C
b.
B
d.
D
____ 72. Below the C horizon is ____.
a.
humus
c.
clay
b.
rock
d.
more soil
____ 73. The ____ horizon consists mostly of parent rock.
a.
A
c.
C
b.
B
d.
D
Completion
Complete each statement.
Figure 7-1
74. The correct labels for the numbers in Figure 7-1 are (1) ____________________, (2) ____________________, and (3) ____________________.
75. The three horizons in Figure 7-1 make up a soil ____________________.
76. The ____________________ horizon in Figure 7-1 contains the most humus.
77. The ____________________ horizon shown in Figure 7-1 is most like the parent material.
78. The most leaching of minerals occurs from the ____________________ horizon into the ____________________ horizon.
79. Topsoil is the ____________________ horizon in Figure 7-1.
80. The ____________________ horizon shown in Figure 7-1 has the least organic matter.
81. Most plant roots grow in the ____________________ horizon.
82. The A horizon may be covered with leaves, twigs, and other organic matter called ____________________.
83. Small pieces of rock such as sand, silt, and clay are called ____________________.
84. ____________________ is the pattern of weather that occurs in a particular area over many years.
85. ____________________ is harmful because plants do not grow well when topsoil has been lost.
86. When farm animals eat the grass on land until there is almost no ground cover, it is called ____________________.
87. ____________________ is made of dead plant and animal matter that has decayed due to bacteria and fungi.
88. Planting along the natural slope of the land to reduce soil erosion is called ____________________.
89. Eroded soil can enter ____________________, causing them to fill up with sediment.
90. all the horizons of a soil ____________________
91. each layer in a soil profile ____________________
92. type of weathering that occurs when reactions dissolve the minerals in rocks ____________________
93. a mixture of weathered rock, decayed organic matter, mineral fragments, water, and air ____________________
94. ice breaking apart a rock ____________________
95. when materials containing iron are exposed to water and oxygen ____________________
96. leaves, twigs, and organic matter that may be changed to humus ____________________
97. decayed organic matter that turns into a dark-colored material ____________________
98. the removal of minerals that have been dissolved in water ____________________
99. weathering that occurs when rocks are broken apart by physical processes ____________________
100. surface processes that work to break down rock ____________________
101. What does weathering create? ____________________
Use the following words to fill in the blanks below. Not all the terms are used.
soil
leaching
terracing
mechanical weathering
carbonic acid
horizon
no-till farming
ice wedging
soil profile
shelter belts
chemical weathering
oxidation
overgrazing
humus
contour farming
102. When unpainted iron lawn furniture sits outside in the rain and begins to rust, ____________________ has occurred.
103. ____________________ has occurred when chemical reactions dissolve the minerals in rocks or change them into different minerals.
104. ____________________ is the process by which water moves minerals down from one soil layer to another.
105. Water freezing and cracking rock and tree roots spreading through rock are examples of _________________________.
106. When weathered rock, decayed organic matter, mineral fragments, water, and air are combined, ____________________ is formed.
107. Mountain peaks, where water freezes and thaws often, are often weathered by ____________________.
108. ____________________ is organic matter made of decayed plants and animals.
109. You can see the different layers of soil that make up a ____________________ on a hillside where the soil and rock have been exposed.
110. Planting along the natural contours of the land on gentle slopes is called ____________________.
111. Leaving plant stalks undisturbed in the field to cover the soil is known as ____________________.
112. Wind erosion of the land can be reduced by planting ____________________ of trees.
Short Answer
113.
Fernando carries out an experiment about soil erosion. With a garden hose he sprays water for 30 seconds on a small pile of sand in his brother's sandbox. The water quickly flattens the pile. He then sprays water on a sloped area of the yard that is sandy, but covered with grass. After 30 seconds, the slope has not changed, and very little sand flows out at the bottom of the slope. What has Fernando demonstrated?
114.
In what ways do burrowing animals affect soil?
Figure 7-2
115.
In Figure 7-2, which picture shows ice wedging: A, B, or C?
116.
In Figure 7-2, which picture shows weathering that involves carbonic acid: A, B, or C?
117.
In Figure 7-2, are the animal burrows in B an example of chemical or mechanical weathering?
118.
Describe the factors that influence the development and type of soil in a certain area.
119.
What human activities lead to soil erosion?
120.
Name three things farmers can do to reduce soil erosion.
121. How does climate affect the rate of weathering of rocks?
122. List five factors that affect the type of soil in a particular area.
123. What would happen to life on Earth if there were no soil?
124. What farming activities have contributed to soil loss? How can farmers prevent this loss?
125. Describe each of the three soil layers in a soil profile.
Choose Cause or Effect for each pair of sentences below. Then combine the two sentences to make one sentence that shows the cause-and-effect relationship.
126. ____________________ Wedges form and the rock breaks apart.
____________________ Plants grow into cracks in rocks.
127. ____________________ Wind and water are able to carry away the topsoil.
____________________ Cattle eat all the grass on the land.
128. ____________________ The area has a rainy climate and a lot of plants.
____________________ The soil is rich with humus.
129. List the steps in soil development.
130. Explain two ways to reduce soil erosion on slopes.
Essay
131.
In what ways can people prevent soil erosion?
132. Why is weathering important?
Wednesday, February 27, 2008
7th Grade - Chapter 9 ONLINE REVIEW
7th Grade - Chapter 9 ONLINE REVIEW
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____ 1. Fossils most often form when a dead organism is buried in sediments.
____ 2. Carbon films are formed when a thin film of carbon is left, forming a silhouette of the original organism.
____ 3. Dinosaur footprints are original remains.
____ 4. To be a useful index fossil, a species must have been rare.
____ 5. Nonconformities occur when sedimentary rocks are deposited on top of uplifted and eroded metamorphic or igneous rocks.
____ 6. Radiocarbon dating would be useful in dating the age of Earth.
____ 7. Index fossils are the remains of species that existed on Earth for relatively short periods of time.
____ 8. Absolute age examines the position of rocks in a sequence.
____ 9. A fossil may tell a geologist when, where, and how an organism lived.
____ 10. An era is the longest subdivision of geologic time.
____ 11. The soft parts of organisms are most likely to become fossils.
____ 12. Trilobites are used as index fossils.
____ 13. Only a radioactive isotope will have a half-life.
____ 14. Any fossil can be dated by the amount of carbon-14 it contains.
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 15. A paleontologist finds the original remains of an organism. Which of the following are original remains?
a.
the cast or mold of a seashell
b.
trails and burrows in sediment
c.
tracks in mud that harden into rock
d.
an insect preserved in amber
____ 16. A scientist finds a crinoid fossil in a desert. What can the scientist conclude from this find?
a.
The desert used to have tropical plants.
b.
The area was once covered by a shallow sea.
c.
The desert was once icy and wintry.
d.
The area had very few organisms living there in the past.
____ 17. Trilobites developed different characteristics over geologic time. What can geologists learn from these changes?
a.
why the climate changed many times over the eons
b.
how trilobites responded to changes in their environments
c.
where different types of trilobites lived in ancient times
d.
what kinds of organisms lived when trilobites lived
____ 18. Denise is writing a report about unconformities. How do unconformities develop?
a.
Animals die and are covered by sediment.
b.
Glaciers scrape away rock layers.
c.
The climate in the area changes dramatically.
d.
Mineral deposits turn sediment into rock.
____ 19. Which of the following organisms has the best chance of becoming a fossil?
a.
a very small organism
b.
an organism with hard parts
c.
a very large organism
d.
an aquatic organism
____ 20. Deon wants to study a more recent geologic time period.
Which of the following should he read about?
a.
Eocene
b.
Holocene
c.
Pliocene
d.
Tertiary
____ 21. How do angular unconformities develop?
a.
Layers of sedimentary rock are tilted and uplifted.
b.
Metamorphic or igneous rock is uplifted and eroded.
c.
Winds blow away layers of sedimentary or igneous rock.
d.
Young rocks form on the eroded surface of old rocks.
____ 22. Garret finds a silhouette of an organism on a rock. Which type of fossil did Garret find?
a.
carbon film
b.
cast
c.
mineral replacement
d.
mold
____ 23. Ramona reads that organisms become more complex over the course of geologic time.
Based on this information, which eon took place most recently?
a.
Archean
b.
Phanerozoic
c.
pre-Archean
d.
Proterozoic
____ 24. Which subdivision of geologic time spans the greatest number of years?
a.
eon
b.
epoch
c.
era
d.
period
____ 25. A paleontologist looks at a fossil to study the eyes of a trilobite. The trilobite has eyes toward the front of its head. What can the paleontologist conclude from this fact?
a.
The trilobite crawled along the sea floor.
b.
The trilobite lived underground.
c.
The trilobite swam in the water.
d.
The trilobite burrowed into the sediment.
____ 26. A geologist determines the relative age of a section of rock. What does the relative age tell the scientist?
a.
how many millions of years old the rock is
b.
what organisms lived in or near the rock
c.
how old the rock is compared to nearby rocks
d.
what unconformities developed in the rock
____ 27. A hiker in the desert finds a set of dinosaur tracks. What type of fossil did the hiker find?
a.
carbon film
b.
mineral replacement
c.
original remains
d.
trace fossils
____ 28. All of the following conditions help preserve organisms as fossils EXCEPT ____.
a.
quick burial by sediments
c.
protection from scavengers
b.
hard parts
d.
activities of microorganisms
____ 29. If the same types of fossils are found in two separate rock layers, it's likely that the two rock layers ____.
a.
formed at different times
c.
formed under different conditions
b.
are part of one continuous deposit
d.
none of the above
____ 30. Determining the order of events and the relative age of rocks by examining the position of rocks in a sequence is called ____.
a.
absolute dating
c.
relative dating
b.
radiometric dating
d.
radiocarbon dating
____ 31. Gaps in rock layers are called ____.
a.
unconformities
c.
half-lives
b.
index fossils
d.
none of the above
____ 32. If the same sequence of rock layers is observed over a large area, ____.
a.
they are probably not related
b.
a large deposit of rock formed over a large area
c.
conditions of formation were probably very different
d.
it is just a coincidence
____ 33. A limestone bed containing fossils that are 550 million years old is ____ a bed of sandstone containing fossils that are 400 million years old.
a.
younger than
c.
older than
b.
the same age as
d.
not related to
____ 34. In a series of undisturbed rock layers where shale lies between sandstone below and limestone above, the ____.
a.
limestone is youngest
c.
sandstone is youngest
b.
shale is youngest
d.
beds are all the same age
____ 35. ____ dating uses the properties of atoms in rocks and other objects to find their ages.
a.
Comparative
c.
Approximate
b.
Absolute
d.
Relative
____ 36. Rock layers are correlated if they both contain the same ____.
a.
elements
c.
fossils
b.
shapes
d.
type of rock
____ 37. If a layer of sandstone lies on top of a layer of limestone in which a 300-million-year-old fossil is found, and there are no unconformities, the layer of sandstone must be ____.
a.
older than 300 million years
c.
about 300 million years old
b.
younger than 300 million years
d.
older than 600 million years
____ 38. With ____ dating, a rock's exact age can be determined, whereas with ____ dating, a rock's age is compared to the ages of other rocks.
a.
absolute, relative
c.
true, absolute
b.
relative, absolute
d.
relative, approximate
Matching
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a.
remains
e.
missing layer
b.
fossil
f.
trace
c.
mold
g.
radioactive decay
d.
hard
h.
carbon-14
____ 39. A ______ may tell a geologist when, where, and how an organism lived.
____ 40. A ______ is the cavity left behind in the rock after an organism's hard part has dissolved.
____ 41. Fossils up to 75,000 years old can be dated with ______.
____ 42. The ______ parts of organisms are most likely to become fossils.
____ 43. Fossils are the ______, imprints, or traces of once-living organisms preserved in rock.
____ 44. An unconformity is a ______ of rock.
____ 45. Preserved animal tracks are called ______ fossils.
____ 46. is measured in half-lives
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a.
carbonaceous film
g.
index fossils
b.
cast
h.
mold
c.
principle of superposition
i.
uniformitarianism
d.
radiometric dating
j.
radioactive decay
e.
beta decay
k.
relative dating
f.
half-life
l.
unconformities
____ 47. the process in which one of an isotope's neutrons breaks down into a proton and an electron and the electron leaves the atom as a beta particle [beta decay]
____ 48. fossil formed when an outline of the original organism is formed from left-over carbon
____ 49. made when sediments fill in a cavity made when an object decayed and the sediments harden into rock
____ 50. the time it takes for half of the atoms in an isotope to decay
____ 51. fossils of species that lived on Earth for short periods of time and were abundant and were widespread geographically
____ 52. states that for undisturbed rocks, the oldest rocks are on the bottom and the rocks become younger and younger toward the top
____ 53. hollow place in rock made when an organism died and was buried and holes in the rock let air or water reach it and dissolve the organism
____ 54. the process of calculating the absolute age of a rock by measuring the amounts of parent and daughter materials in a rock and by knowing the half-life of the parent
____ 55. a process that uses the properties of atoms in rocks and other objects to find their ages
____ 56. the order of events and the relative age of rocks is determined by examining the position of rocks in a sequence
____ 57. gaps in rock layers that develop when agents of erosion remove existing rock layers
____ 58. states that Earth processes today are similar to those that took place in the past
Match each term with the correct description below.
a.
cast
h.
mold
b.
carbonaceous film
i.
radioactive decay
c.
index fossils
j.
relative dating
d.
fossil
k.
unconformities
e.
half-life
l.
radiometric dating
f.
principle of superposition
m.
uniformitarianism
g.
absolute dating
n.
permineralized remains
____ 59. produced when sediments fill in a cavity made when an object decayed
____ 60. cavity in rock made when an organism decayed
____ 61. principle that Earth's processes occurring today are similar to those that occurred in the past
____ 62. process that uses the properties of atoms in rocks and other objects to determine their ages
____ 63. states that in a sequence of undisturbed rocks, the oldest rocks are on the bottom and the rocks become progressively younger toward the top
____ 64. gaps in rock records made when agents of erosion remove existing rock layers
____ 65. method by which a geologist can calculate the absolute age of the rock by knowing the half-life of an isotope
____ 66. time it takes for half of an isotope's atoms to decay
____ 67. three-lobed organism that inhabited Earth's oceans for more than 200 million years
____ 68. formed when original materials in skeletal remains are replaced by minerals
____ 69. the division of Earth's history based on types of life-forms living during certain periods
____ 70. remains, imprints, or traces of once-living organisms
____ 71. process that occurs when the number of protons in an atom is changed and a new element is formed
____ 72. fossils of species that existed for short periods and were widespread
Short Answer
73.
A paleontologist wants to search for fossils in the oldest rocks of a canyon. Describe where the paleontologist would most likely find the oldest rocks.
74.
Carla is learning about index fossils. How are index fossils helpful to geologists?
Figure 13-1
75.
List events A-F shown in Figure 13-1 in the order that they occurred, beginning with the oldest event.
76.
When did the fault in Figure 13-1 occur?
77.
If horizontal layers of sedimentary rock have a vertical fault running through them, how might a geologist use relative dating to determine when the fault occurred?
78.
Do all rocks contain fossils? Describe the conditions necessary for fossils to form.
79.
Explain what is meant by correlating rock layers.
80.
Explain what the term half-life means and how knowing the half-life of an element can help a geologist establish the age of a rock or fossil.
81. Complete the chart to describe different types of fossils.
Type of fossil
Description
1. Permineralized remains
2. Carbon film
3. Mold
4. Cast
5. Trace fossils
6. Index fossils
82. Explain what the concept of uniformitarianism means.
83. What units divide the geologic time scale?
84. Explain how a dead organism may become a fossil.
85. Complete the concept map below by writing the conditions for fossil formation and the types of fossils in the circles.
86. What is the difference between relative and absolute dating?
Study the figure of the rock record. Then answer the following questions.
87. List events A-F in the order they occurred, beginning with the oldest event.
88. When did the fault occur?
89. Complete the table below to show the amounts of parent and daughter materials left of a radioactive element after three half-lives if the original parent had a mass of 80 g.
Number of half-lives
Parent material
Daughter product
1.
2.
3.
Problem
90.
A sample of a radioactive element has a mass of 80 g. How much parent and daughter materials are in the sample after two half-lives?
Figure 13-2
91.
According to Figure 13-2, if 25 percent of the parent material remains in a rock sample, how many half-lives have occurred?
92.
Refer to Figure 13-2 and determine how much parent material will be left after five half-lives.
Essay
93. If horizontal layers of sedimentary rock have a vertical fault running through them, how might a geologist use relative dating to determine when the fault occurred?
94. Explain how a trace fossil can provide information on how an organism lived.
95. Explain what is meant by correlating rock layers.
96. Do all rocks contain fossils? Describe the conditions necessary for fossils to form.
97. Explain what the term half-life means and how knowing the half-life of an isotope can help a geologist establish the age of a rock or fossil.
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____ 1. Fossils most often form when a dead organism is buried in sediments.
____ 2. Carbon films are formed when a thin film of carbon is left, forming a silhouette of the original organism.
____ 3. Dinosaur footprints are original remains.
____ 4. To be a useful index fossil, a species must have been rare.
____ 5. Nonconformities occur when sedimentary rocks are deposited on top of uplifted and eroded metamorphic or igneous rocks.
____ 6. Radiocarbon dating would be useful in dating the age of Earth.
____ 7. Index fossils are the remains of species that existed on Earth for relatively short periods of time.
____ 8. Absolute age examines the position of rocks in a sequence.
____ 9. A fossil may tell a geologist when, where, and how an organism lived.
____ 10. An era is the longest subdivision of geologic time.
____ 11. The soft parts of organisms are most likely to become fossils.
____ 12. Trilobites are used as index fossils.
____ 13. Only a radioactive isotope will have a half-life.
____ 14. Any fossil can be dated by the amount of carbon-14 it contains.
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 15. A paleontologist finds the original remains of an organism. Which of the following are original remains?
a.
the cast or mold of a seashell
b.
trails and burrows in sediment
c.
tracks in mud that harden into rock
d.
an insect preserved in amber
____ 16. A scientist finds a crinoid fossil in a desert. What can the scientist conclude from this find?
a.
The desert used to have tropical plants.
b.
The area was once covered by a shallow sea.
c.
The desert was once icy and wintry.
d.
The area had very few organisms living there in the past.
____ 17. Trilobites developed different characteristics over geologic time. What can geologists learn from these changes?
a.
why the climate changed many times over the eons
b.
how trilobites responded to changes in their environments
c.
where different types of trilobites lived in ancient times
d.
what kinds of organisms lived when trilobites lived
____ 18. Denise is writing a report about unconformities. How do unconformities develop?
a.
Animals die and are covered by sediment.
b.
Glaciers scrape away rock layers.
c.
The climate in the area changes dramatically.
d.
Mineral deposits turn sediment into rock.
____ 19. Which of the following organisms has the best chance of becoming a fossil?
a.
a very small organism
b.
an organism with hard parts
c.
a very large organism
d.
an aquatic organism
____ 20. Deon wants to study a more recent geologic time period.
Which of the following should he read about?
a.
Eocene
b.
Holocene
c.
Pliocene
d.
Tertiary
____ 21. How do angular unconformities develop?
a.
Layers of sedimentary rock are tilted and uplifted.
b.
Metamorphic or igneous rock is uplifted and eroded.
c.
Winds blow away layers of sedimentary or igneous rock.
d.
Young rocks form on the eroded surface of old rocks.
____ 22. Garret finds a silhouette of an organism on a rock. Which type of fossil did Garret find?
a.
carbon film
b.
cast
c.
mineral replacement
d.
mold
____ 23. Ramona reads that organisms become more complex over the course of geologic time.
Based on this information, which eon took place most recently?
a.
Archean
b.
Phanerozoic
c.
pre-Archean
d.
Proterozoic
____ 24. Which subdivision of geologic time spans the greatest number of years?
a.
eon
b.
epoch
c.
era
d.
period
____ 25. A paleontologist looks at a fossil to study the eyes of a trilobite. The trilobite has eyes toward the front of its head. What can the paleontologist conclude from this fact?
a.
The trilobite crawled along the sea floor.
b.
The trilobite lived underground.
c.
The trilobite swam in the water.
d.
The trilobite burrowed into the sediment.
____ 26. A geologist determines the relative age of a section of rock. What does the relative age tell the scientist?
a.
how many millions of years old the rock is
b.
what organisms lived in or near the rock
c.
how old the rock is compared to nearby rocks
d.
what unconformities developed in the rock
____ 27. A hiker in the desert finds a set of dinosaur tracks. What type of fossil did the hiker find?
a.
carbon film
b.
mineral replacement
c.
original remains
d.
trace fossils
____ 28. All of the following conditions help preserve organisms as fossils EXCEPT ____.
a.
quick burial by sediments
c.
protection from scavengers
b.
hard parts
d.
activities of microorganisms
____ 29. If the same types of fossils are found in two separate rock layers, it's likely that the two rock layers ____.
a.
formed at different times
c.
formed under different conditions
b.
are part of one continuous deposit
d.
none of the above
____ 30. Determining the order of events and the relative age of rocks by examining the position of rocks in a sequence is called ____.
a.
absolute dating
c.
relative dating
b.
radiometric dating
d.
radiocarbon dating
____ 31. Gaps in rock layers are called ____.
a.
unconformities
c.
half-lives
b.
index fossils
d.
none of the above
____ 32. If the same sequence of rock layers is observed over a large area, ____.
a.
they are probably not related
b.
a large deposit of rock formed over a large area
c.
conditions of formation were probably very different
d.
it is just a coincidence
____ 33. A limestone bed containing fossils that are 550 million years old is ____ a bed of sandstone containing fossils that are 400 million years old.
a.
younger than
c.
older than
b.
the same age as
d.
not related to
____ 34. In a series of undisturbed rock layers where shale lies between sandstone below and limestone above, the ____.
a.
limestone is youngest
c.
sandstone is youngest
b.
shale is youngest
d.
beds are all the same age
____ 35. ____ dating uses the properties of atoms in rocks and other objects to find their ages.
a.
Comparative
c.
Approximate
b.
Absolute
d.
Relative
____ 36. Rock layers are correlated if they both contain the same ____.
a.
elements
c.
fossils
b.
shapes
d.
type of rock
____ 37. If a layer of sandstone lies on top of a layer of limestone in which a 300-million-year-old fossil is found, and there are no unconformities, the layer of sandstone must be ____.
a.
older than 300 million years
c.
about 300 million years old
b.
younger than 300 million years
d.
older than 600 million years
____ 38. With ____ dating, a rock's exact age can be determined, whereas with ____ dating, a rock's age is compared to the ages of other rocks.
a.
absolute, relative
c.
true, absolute
b.
relative, absolute
d.
relative, approximate
Matching
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a.
remains
e.
missing layer
b.
fossil
f.
trace
c.
mold
g.
radioactive decay
d.
hard
h.
carbon-14
____ 39. A ______ may tell a geologist when, where, and how an organism lived.
____ 40. A ______ is the cavity left behind in the rock after an organism's hard part has dissolved.
____ 41. Fossils up to 75,000 years old can be dated with ______.
____ 42. The ______ parts of organisms are most likely to become fossils.
____ 43. Fossils are the ______, imprints, or traces of once-living organisms preserved in rock.
____ 44. An unconformity is a ______ of rock.
____ 45. Preserved animal tracks are called ______ fossils.
____ 46. is measured in half-lives
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a.
carbonaceous film
g.
index fossils
b.
cast
h.
mold
c.
principle of superposition
i.
uniformitarianism
d.
radiometric dating
j.
radioactive decay
e.
beta decay
k.
relative dating
f.
half-life
l.
unconformities
____ 47. the process in which one of an isotope's neutrons breaks down into a proton and an electron and the electron leaves the atom as a beta particle [beta decay]
____ 48. fossil formed when an outline of the original organism is formed from left-over carbon
____ 49. made when sediments fill in a cavity made when an object decayed and the sediments harden into rock
____ 50. the time it takes for half of the atoms in an isotope to decay
____ 51. fossils of species that lived on Earth for short periods of time and were abundant and were widespread geographically
____ 52. states that for undisturbed rocks, the oldest rocks are on the bottom and the rocks become younger and younger toward the top
____ 53. hollow place in rock made when an organism died and was buried and holes in the rock let air or water reach it and dissolve the organism
____ 54. the process of calculating the absolute age of a rock by measuring the amounts of parent and daughter materials in a rock and by knowing the half-life of the parent
____ 55. a process that uses the properties of atoms in rocks and other objects to find their ages
____ 56. the order of events and the relative age of rocks is determined by examining the position of rocks in a sequence
____ 57. gaps in rock layers that develop when agents of erosion remove existing rock layers
____ 58. states that Earth processes today are similar to those that took place in the past
Match each term with the correct description below.
a.
cast
h.
mold
b.
carbonaceous film
i.
radioactive decay
c.
index fossils
j.
relative dating
d.
fossil
k.
unconformities
e.
half-life
l.
radiometric dating
f.
principle of superposition
m.
uniformitarianism
g.
absolute dating
n.
permineralized remains
____ 59. produced when sediments fill in a cavity made when an object decayed
____ 60. cavity in rock made when an organism decayed
____ 61. principle that Earth's processes occurring today are similar to those that occurred in the past
____ 62. process that uses the properties of atoms in rocks and other objects to determine their ages
____ 63. states that in a sequence of undisturbed rocks, the oldest rocks are on the bottom and the rocks become progressively younger toward the top
____ 64. gaps in rock records made when agents of erosion remove existing rock layers
____ 65. method by which a geologist can calculate the absolute age of the rock by knowing the half-life of an isotope
____ 66. time it takes for half of an isotope's atoms to decay
____ 67. three-lobed organism that inhabited Earth's oceans for more than 200 million years
____ 68. formed when original materials in skeletal remains are replaced by minerals
____ 69. the division of Earth's history based on types of life-forms living during certain periods
____ 70. remains, imprints, or traces of once-living organisms
____ 71. process that occurs when the number of protons in an atom is changed and a new element is formed
____ 72. fossils of species that existed for short periods and were widespread
Short Answer
73.
A paleontologist wants to search for fossils in the oldest rocks of a canyon. Describe where the paleontologist would most likely find the oldest rocks.
74.
Carla is learning about index fossils. How are index fossils helpful to geologists?
Figure 13-1
75.
List events A-F shown in Figure 13-1 in the order that they occurred, beginning with the oldest event.
76.
When did the fault in Figure 13-1 occur?
77.
If horizontal layers of sedimentary rock have a vertical fault running through them, how might a geologist use relative dating to determine when the fault occurred?
78.
Do all rocks contain fossils? Describe the conditions necessary for fossils to form.
79.
Explain what is meant by correlating rock layers.
80.
Explain what the term half-life means and how knowing the half-life of an element can help a geologist establish the age of a rock or fossil.
81. Complete the chart to describe different types of fossils.
Type of fossil
Description
1. Permineralized remains
2. Carbon film
3. Mold
4. Cast
5. Trace fossils
6. Index fossils
82. Explain what the concept of uniformitarianism means.
83. What units divide the geologic time scale?
84. Explain how a dead organism may become a fossil.
85. Complete the concept map below by writing the conditions for fossil formation and the types of fossils in the circles.
86. What is the difference between relative and absolute dating?
Study the figure of the rock record. Then answer the following questions.
87. List events A-F in the order they occurred, beginning with the oldest event.
88. When did the fault occur?
89. Complete the table below to show the amounts of parent and daughter materials left of a radioactive element after three half-lives if the original parent had a mass of 80 g.
Number of half-lives
Parent material
Daughter product
1.
2.
3.
Problem
90.
A sample of a radioactive element has a mass of 80 g. How much parent and daughter materials are in the sample after two half-lives?
Figure 13-2
91.
According to Figure 13-2, if 25 percent of the parent material remains in a rock sample, how many half-lives have occurred?
92.
Refer to Figure 13-2 and determine how much parent material will be left after five half-lives.
Essay
93. If horizontal layers of sedimentary rock have a vertical fault running through them, how might a geologist use relative dating to determine when the fault occurred?
94. Explain how a trace fossil can provide information on how an organism lived.
95. Explain what is meant by correlating rock layers.
96. Do all rocks contain fossils? Describe the conditions necessary for fossils to form.
97. Explain what the term half-life means and how knowing the half-life of an isotope can help a geologist establish the age of a rock or fossil.
Wednesday, February 13, 2008
6th Grade Chpater 9 TEST Review
6th Grade Chpater 9 TEST Review
Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
____ 1. Matter is the ability to cause change. _________________________
____ 2. Most of the energy resources used to generate electricity are renewable. _________________________
____ 3. Coal begins to form when plants die in a swampy area. _________________________
____ 4. Natural gas is composed of hydrocarbon molecules that are less dense than those in oil. _________________________
____ 5. Oil is found in layers of rock that have become tilted or folded. _________________________
____ 6. Methane hydrates form under low temperatures and low pressures. _________________________
____ 7. Nuclear energy is an alternate energy source produced from atomic reactions. _________________________
____ 8. Geothermal energy is derived from burning organic material such as wood, alcohol, and garbage. _________________________
____ 9. Ethanol mixed with gasoline is called methanol. _________________________
____ 10. Gangue is waste rock that must be removed before a mineral can be used. _________________________
____ 11. Supply and demand affect the value of an ore. _________________________
____ 12. To be classified as an aggregate, the mineral in question must be in demand. _________________________
____ 13. Renewable resources have disadvantages. _________________________
____ 14. Coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear energy are renewable resources. _________________________
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 15. Amy is preparing a flow chart of how oil is formed.
How should Amy label the rest of the chart?
a.
Heat changes plankton to oil and gas; plankton covers the sediment.
b.
Plankton covers the sediment; heat changes the sediment into oil and gas.
c.
Plankton is crushed by seawater; seawater changes plankton to oil and gas.
d.
Sediment covers the plankton; heat changes plankton to oil and gas.
____ 16. Today, oil and natural gas provide about what percent of the world’s energy supply?
a.
12
b.
25
c.
61
d.
83
____ 17. Which of the following produces electricity through waterpower?
a.
biomass energy
b.
geothermal energy
c.
hydroelectric energy
d.
solar energy
____ 18. Ivan’s teacher asked him to complete a chart about energy resources for the class bulletin board. He has almost finished the chart.
Which two resources should Ivan add to the chart?
a.
fusion, trees
b.
grass, fission
c.
oil, geothermal
d.
radiant, geothermal
____ 19.
Which is a mineral deposit large enough to be mined at a profit?
a.
gas
b.
metal
c.
oil
d.
ore
____ 20. At the dinner table, Rachel sprinkles some salt on her grilled chicken. The table salt she is using is produced from which type of mineral resource?
a.
geothermal
b.
metallic
c.
nonmetallic
d.
hydroelectric
____ 21. In which type of mining are layers of soil and rock above coal removed and piled to one side?
a.
drift mining
b.
slope mining
c.
strip mining
d.
underground mining
____ 22. How does a fossil fuel reserve differ from a fossil fuel resource?
a.
A fossil fuel reserve contains limited amounts of oil and natural gas.
b.
A fossil fuel reserve is the amount of fossil fuels owned by a particular nation.
c.
Fossil fuel resources can always be extracted at a profit using current technology.
d.
Fuel can be extracted from a reserve at a profit using current technology.
____ 23. Each day as he goes to school, Andrew turns off the lights in his room. What is this an example of?
a.
conservation
b.
extraction
c.
recycling
d.
renewing energy
____ 24. What is gasohol made of?
a.
alcohol and oil
b.
ethanol and gasoline
c.
gasoline and methane
d.
methane and water
____ 25. Why is nuclear energy considered to be a nonrenewable energy resource?
a.
A limited amount of uranium-235 is available.
b.
It is very difficult to use uranium-235.
c.
The number of atoms on Earth is limited.
d.
The water used in nuclear power plants is limited.
____ 26. Which is the cleanest burning fuel?
a.
anthracite
b.
bituminous
c.
lignite
d.
peat
____ 27. Where can methane hydrates be found?
a.
below freshwater lakes
b.
in ocean sediment
c.
below large coal deposits
d.
mixed in with oil reserves
____ 28. Fossil fuels include ____.
a.
natural gas
c.
coal
b.
oil
d.
all of the above
____ 29. The most abundant fossil fuel is ____.
a.
natural gas
c.
coal
b.
oil
d.
all of the above
____ 30. ____ is a layer of organic sediment.
a.
Peat
c.
Lignite
b.
Bituminous coal
d.
Anthracite coal
____ 31. A soft brown coal with less moisture is called ____.
a.
peat
c.
lignite
b.
bituminous coal
d.
anthracite coal
____ 32. Compact, black, brittle coal is called ____.
a.
peat
c.
lignite
b.
bituminous coal
d.
anthracite coal
____ 33. The amount of a fossil fuel that can be extracted at a profit using current technology is called a(n) ____.
a.
ore
c.
renewable resource
b.
inexhaustible resource
d.
reserve
____ 34. A thick, black liquid formed from the buried remains of microscopic marine organisms is ____.
a.
gangue
c.
alcohol
b.
oil
d.
none of the above
____ 35. This type of fossil fuel can be pumped from underground deposits.
a.
ethanol
c.
natural gas
b.
oil
d.
B and C only
____ 36. The splitting of nuclei of atoms is called ____.
a.
fission
c.
both A and B
b.
fusion
d.
neither A nor B
____ 37. Materials of low mass are combined to form a substance of higher mass during ____.
a.
fission
c.
both A and B
b.
fusion
d.
neither A nor B
____ 38. Energy from the Sun is ____ energy.
a.
nuclear
c.
solar
b.
geothermal
d.
biomass
____ 39. A ____ farm can be used to generate electricity.
a.
solar
c.
wind
b.
geothermal
d.
hydroelectric
____ 40. Electricity produced by waterpower is ____.
a.
solar
c.
biomass
b.
geothermal
d.
hydroelectric
____ 41. Energy from hot magma is called ____.
a.
magnetic
c.
nuclear
b.
geothermal
d.
hydroelectric
____ 42. Unwanted elements are removed from metals by a process called ____.
a.
mining
c.
smelting
b.
fission
d.
recycling
____ 43. Waste rock that must be removed before a mineral can be used is called ____
a.
ore.
c.
gangue.
b.
methane.
d.
peat.
____ 44. Stable molecules that contain carbon and are formed below sea level under low temperatures and high pressures are called ____
a.
hydroelectric energy.
c.
industrial minerals.
b.
methane hydrates.
d.
mineral resources.
____ 45. ____ is composed of crushed stone or gravel and sand and has many uses in the building industry.
a.
Aggregate
c.
Limestone
b.
Gangue
d.
Ore
____ 46. Materials of low mass are fused together to form a substance of higher mass during ____
a.
smelting.
c.
refining.
b.
fission.
d.
fusion.
____ 47. ____ is a chemical process that removes unwanted elements from the metal being processed.
a.
Fission
c.
Recycling
b.
Strip mining
d.
Smelting
____ 48. The removal of coal that is not close to Earth’s surface through a horizontal opening in the side of a hill or mountain is called ____
a.
slope mining.
c.
drilling.
b.
drift mining.
d.
strip mining.
____ 49. Coal, oil, and natural gas that formed from decaying plants and other organisms over millions of years are called ____
a.
renewable resources.
c.
fossil fuels.
b.
mineral resources.
d.
hydrocarbons.
____ 50. ____ is an example of inexhaustible energy.
a.
Wind energy
c.
Nuclear energy
b.
Reserve energy
d.
Biomass energy
____ 51. Biomass energy is derived from burning organic material such as wood, garbage, and ____
a.
coal.
c.
alcohol.
b.
oil.
d.
natural gas.
____ 52. ____ are compounds containing hydrogen and carbon atoms.
a.
Ores
c.
Methane hydrates
b.
Hydrocarbons
d.
Aggregates
Completion
Complete each statement.
53. Oil is a liquid hydrocarbon that often is referred to as ____________________.
54. Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and ____________________ atoms.
55. Using old materials to make new ones is called ____________________.
56. ____________________ are marine organisms that decay to form petroleum.
57. The ____________________ rock is the rock layer beneath the shale where petroleum and natural gas accumulate.
58. Any material resources not used as fuels or as sources of metals are nonmetallic ____________________.
59. Icelike substances called methane ____________________ may provide tremendous reserves of methane.
60. Solar ____________________ collect energy from the Sun and transform it into electricity
61. ____________________ energy is derived from burning wood, alcohol and garbage
62. A(n) ____________________ is a deposit of minerals that is large enough to be mined at a profit.
63. Inexhaustible and renewable resources are currently used less than _________________________ resources.
64. energy resources that are used faster than Earth processes can replace them ____________________
65. a gas often formed along with oil ____________________
66. type of mine that uses a horizontal opening in a hill or mountain ____________________
67. electricity produced by waterpower ____________________
68. layer of organic sediment ____________________
69. biomass energy comes from burning wood, alcohol, and ____________________
70. oil, natural gas, and coal ____________________
71. resources from which metals are obtained ____________________
72. sources of energy that are constant and will not run out ____________________
73. chemical process that removes unwanted elements from metal ____________________
74. deposits of minerals in large enough amount to be mined at a profit ____________________
75. alternate energy source produced from atomic reactions ____________________
Matching
Match the name of the mineral resource with its definition or common use.
a.
hematite
f.
garnet
b.
limestone
g.
aggregate
c.
silica
h.
gypsum
d.
sylvite
i.
corundum
e.
halite
j.
bauxite
____ 76. potassium fertilizer
____ 77. helps make aluminum
____ 78. made of crushed stone on gravel and sand
____ 79. used to make glass
____ 80. melts ice on roads
____ 81. used to make plaster and wallboard
____ 82. used to make sandpaper
____ 83. used as crushed rock or part of cement
____ 84. an iron ore
____ 85. used in abrasives
Match the type of coal mining with its definition.
a.
open-pit mining
d.
underground mining
b.
strip mining
e.
slope mines
c.
drift mines
____ 86. uses an angled opening and an air shaft
____ 87. layers of rock and soil above coal are removed
____ 88. uses a horizontal opening in the side of a mountain
____ 89. another name for strip mining
____ 90. uses tunnels and pillars of rock for support
Match the source of energy with the correct type of energy.
a.
solar
d.
hydroelectric
b.
nuclear
e.
biomass
c.
electric
f.
geothermal
____ 91. water
____ 92. Sun
____ 93. uranium
____ 94. hot magma
____ 95. wood
____ 96. wind
Match each item with the correct description below. Some items may not be used.
a.
nonrenewable
j.
hydroelectric energy
b.
fossil fuels
k.
geothermal
c.
coal
l.
biomass
d.
oil
m.
mineral resources
e.
natural gas
n.
ore
f.
reserve
o.
recycling
g.
nuclear
p.
lignite
h.
solar
q.
plankton
i.
wind farm
____ 97. oil, natural gas, coal
____ 98. forms in a gaseous state under similar conditions as oil
____ 99. most abundant fossil fuel in the world
____ 100. energy from burning wood, alcohol, or garbage
____ 101. soft brown coal made from peat
____ 102. marine organisms that decay to make oil and natural gas
____ 103. electricity produced by waterpower
____ 104. large enough amount of a mineral that can be mined at a profit
____ 105. resources used faster than Earth can replace them
____ 106. using old materials to make new materials
____ 107. energy source produced from atomic reactions
____ 108. thick, black liquid
____ 109. energy from hot magma
____ 110. a large number of windmills generating electricity
____ 111. energy from the Sun
Short Answer
112.
What are some advantages and disadvantages of solar energy?
113.
Once a month, Patty helps clean up a park by picking up trash. In what ways could doing so both save and produce energy?
114.
List the four stages of coal formation.
115.
List some examples of uses for oil.
116.
Compare and contrast strip mining and underground mining.
117.
Give examples of how to conserve fossil fuels.
118.
List two problems of using nuclear energy with fission.
119.
List some inexhaustible energy resources
120.
What would probably happen to the value of bauxite if its supply suddenly increased?
121.
Describe how hydroelectric energy works.
122.
List two potential problems with burning garbage.
123.
Into what two groups can nonmetallic mineral resources be divided?
124. Complete the table below by writing an X in the appropriate boxes following each fuel or mineral.
Type of mineral
or fuel
Non-
renewable
Renewable
Metallic
Non-
metallic
Industrial
Building
coal
oil
natural gas
methane hydrates
nuclear energy
solar energy
wind farm
hydroelectric energy
geothermal energy
biomass energy
iron ore
limestone
gypsum
garnet
125. Study the following diagram of an oil trap. Then label the diagram with the correct terms from the list.
oil
roof rock
gas
reservoir rock
126. Study the following diagram of percentage of energy resources used in the United States. Then label the circle graph using the correct terms from the list.
coal
natural gas
nuclear
oil
biomass
hydroelectric
geothermal, wind, solar, and other
127. Number the following steps of coal formation in the correct order.
1. Anthracite coal is formed.
2. Peat is formed.
3. Plants decay.
4. Peat changes into lignite.
5. Bituminous coal is formed.
Essay
128. Explain some of the disadvantages of using nuclear energy.
129. Describe how geothermal energy works.
130. Name some materials that you can recycle.
131. Explain why renewable resources are used less than nonrenewab
Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
____ 1. Matter is the ability to cause change. _________________________
____ 2. Most of the energy resources used to generate electricity are renewable. _________________________
____ 3. Coal begins to form when plants die in a swampy area. _________________________
____ 4. Natural gas is composed of hydrocarbon molecules that are less dense than those in oil. _________________________
____ 5. Oil is found in layers of rock that have become tilted or folded. _________________________
____ 6. Methane hydrates form under low temperatures and low pressures. _________________________
____ 7. Nuclear energy is an alternate energy source produced from atomic reactions. _________________________
____ 8. Geothermal energy is derived from burning organic material such as wood, alcohol, and garbage. _________________________
____ 9. Ethanol mixed with gasoline is called methanol. _________________________
____ 10. Gangue is waste rock that must be removed before a mineral can be used. _________________________
____ 11. Supply and demand affect the value of an ore. _________________________
____ 12. To be classified as an aggregate, the mineral in question must be in demand. _________________________
____ 13. Renewable resources have disadvantages. _________________________
____ 14. Coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear energy are renewable resources. _________________________
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 15. Amy is preparing a flow chart of how oil is formed.
How should Amy label the rest of the chart?
a.
Heat changes plankton to oil and gas; plankton covers the sediment.
b.
Plankton covers the sediment; heat changes the sediment into oil and gas.
c.
Plankton is crushed by seawater; seawater changes plankton to oil and gas.
d.
Sediment covers the plankton; heat changes plankton to oil and gas.
____ 16. Today, oil and natural gas provide about what percent of the world’s energy supply?
a.
12
b.
25
c.
61
d.
83
____ 17. Which of the following produces electricity through waterpower?
a.
biomass energy
b.
geothermal energy
c.
hydroelectric energy
d.
solar energy
____ 18. Ivan’s teacher asked him to complete a chart about energy resources for the class bulletin board. He has almost finished the chart.
Which two resources should Ivan add to the chart?
a.
fusion, trees
b.
grass, fission
c.
oil, geothermal
d.
radiant, geothermal
____ 19.
Which is a mineral deposit large enough to be mined at a profit?
a.
gas
b.
metal
c.
oil
d.
ore
____ 20. At the dinner table, Rachel sprinkles some salt on her grilled chicken. The table salt she is using is produced from which type of mineral resource?
a.
geothermal
b.
metallic
c.
nonmetallic
d.
hydroelectric
____ 21. In which type of mining are layers of soil and rock above coal removed and piled to one side?
a.
drift mining
b.
slope mining
c.
strip mining
d.
underground mining
____ 22. How does a fossil fuel reserve differ from a fossil fuel resource?
a.
A fossil fuel reserve contains limited amounts of oil and natural gas.
b.
A fossil fuel reserve is the amount of fossil fuels owned by a particular nation.
c.
Fossil fuel resources can always be extracted at a profit using current technology.
d.
Fuel can be extracted from a reserve at a profit using current technology.
____ 23. Each day as he goes to school, Andrew turns off the lights in his room. What is this an example of?
a.
conservation
b.
extraction
c.
recycling
d.
renewing energy
____ 24. What is gasohol made of?
a.
alcohol and oil
b.
ethanol and gasoline
c.
gasoline and methane
d.
methane and water
____ 25. Why is nuclear energy considered to be a nonrenewable energy resource?
a.
A limited amount of uranium-235 is available.
b.
It is very difficult to use uranium-235.
c.
The number of atoms on Earth is limited.
d.
The water used in nuclear power plants is limited.
____ 26. Which is the cleanest burning fuel?
a.
anthracite
b.
bituminous
c.
lignite
d.
peat
____ 27. Where can methane hydrates be found?
a.
below freshwater lakes
b.
in ocean sediment
c.
below large coal deposits
d.
mixed in with oil reserves
____ 28. Fossil fuels include ____.
a.
natural gas
c.
coal
b.
oil
d.
all of the above
____ 29. The most abundant fossil fuel is ____.
a.
natural gas
c.
coal
b.
oil
d.
all of the above
____ 30. ____ is a layer of organic sediment.
a.
Peat
c.
Lignite
b.
Bituminous coal
d.
Anthracite coal
____ 31. A soft brown coal with less moisture is called ____.
a.
peat
c.
lignite
b.
bituminous coal
d.
anthracite coal
____ 32. Compact, black, brittle coal is called ____.
a.
peat
c.
lignite
b.
bituminous coal
d.
anthracite coal
____ 33. The amount of a fossil fuel that can be extracted at a profit using current technology is called a(n) ____.
a.
ore
c.
renewable resource
b.
inexhaustible resource
d.
reserve
____ 34. A thick, black liquid formed from the buried remains of microscopic marine organisms is ____.
a.
gangue
c.
alcohol
b.
oil
d.
none of the above
____ 35. This type of fossil fuel can be pumped from underground deposits.
a.
ethanol
c.
natural gas
b.
oil
d.
B and C only
____ 36. The splitting of nuclei of atoms is called ____.
a.
fission
c.
both A and B
b.
fusion
d.
neither A nor B
____ 37. Materials of low mass are combined to form a substance of higher mass during ____.
a.
fission
c.
both A and B
b.
fusion
d.
neither A nor B
____ 38. Energy from the Sun is ____ energy.
a.
nuclear
c.
solar
b.
geothermal
d.
biomass
____ 39. A ____ farm can be used to generate electricity.
a.
solar
c.
wind
b.
geothermal
d.
hydroelectric
____ 40. Electricity produced by waterpower is ____.
a.
solar
c.
biomass
b.
geothermal
d.
hydroelectric
____ 41. Energy from hot magma is called ____.
a.
magnetic
c.
nuclear
b.
geothermal
d.
hydroelectric
____ 42. Unwanted elements are removed from metals by a process called ____.
a.
mining
c.
smelting
b.
fission
d.
recycling
____ 43. Waste rock that must be removed before a mineral can be used is called ____
a.
ore.
c.
gangue.
b.
methane.
d.
peat.
____ 44. Stable molecules that contain carbon and are formed below sea level under low temperatures and high pressures are called ____
a.
hydroelectric energy.
c.
industrial minerals.
b.
methane hydrates.
d.
mineral resources.
____ 45. ____ is composed of crushed stone or gravel and sand and has many uses in the building industry.
a.
Aggregate
c.
Limestone
b.
Gangue
d.
Ore
____ 46. Materials of low mass are fused together to form a substance of higher mass during ____
a.
smelting.
c.
refining.
b.
fission.
d.
fusion.
____ 47. ____ is a chemical process that removes unwanted elements from the metal being processed.
a.
Fission
c.
Recycling
b.
Strip mining
d.
Smelting
____ 48. The removal of coal that is not close to Earth’s surface through a horizontal opening in the side of a hill or mountain is called ____
a.
slope mining.
c.
drilling.
b.
drift mining.
d.
strip mining.
____ 49. Coal, oil, and natural gas that formed from decaying plants and other organisms over millions of years are called ____
a.
renewable resources.
c.
fossil fuels.
b.
mineral resources.
d.
hydrocarbons.
____ 50. ____ is an example of inexhaustible energy.
a.
Wind energy
c.
Nuclear energy
b.
Reserve energy
d.
Biomass energy
____ 51. Biomass energy is derived from burning organic material such as wood, garbage, and ____
a.
coal.
c.
alcohol.
b.
oil.
d.
natural gas.
____ 52. ____ are compounds containing hydrogen and carbon atoms.
a.
Ores
c.
Methane hydrates
b.
Hydrocarbons
d.
Aggregates
Completion
Complete each statement.
53. Oil is a liquid hydrocarbon that often is referred to as ____________________.
54. Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and ____________________ atoms.
55. Using old materials to make new ones is called ____________________.
56. ____________________ are marine organisms that decay to form petroleum.
57. The ____________________ rock is the rock layer beneath the shale where petroleum and natural gas accumulate.
58. Any material resources not used as fuels or as sources of metals are nonmetallic ____________________.
59. Icelike substances called methane ____________________ may provide tremendous reserves of methane.
60. Solar ____________________ collect energy from the Sun and transform it into electricity
61. ____________________ energy is derived from burning wood, alcohol and garbage
62. A(n) ____________________ is a deposit of minerals that is large enough to be mined at a profit.
63. Inexhaustible and renewable resources are currently used less than _________________________ resources.
64. energy resources that are used faster than Earth processes can replace them ____________________
65. a gas often formed along with oil ____________________
66. type of mine that uses a horizontal opening in a hill or mountain ____________________
67. electricity produced by waterpower ____________________
68. layer of organic sediment ____________________
69. biomass energy comes from burning wood, alcohol, and ____________________
70. oil, natural gas, and coal ____________________
71. resources from which metals are obtained ____________________
72. sources of energy that are constant and will not run out ____________________
73. chemical process that removes unwanted elements from metal ____________________
74. deposits of minerals in large enough amount to be mined at a profit ____________________
75. alternate energy source produced from atomic reactions ____________________
Matching
Match the name of the mineral resource with its definition or common use.
a.
hematite
f.
garnet
b.
limestone
g.
aggregate
c.
silica
h.
gypsum
d.
sylvite
i.
corundum
e.
halite
j.
bauxite
____ 76. potassium fertilizer
____ 77. helps make aluminum
____ 78. made of crushed stone on gravel and sand
____ 79. used to make glass
____ 80. melts ice on roads
____ 81. used to make plaster and wallboard
____ 82. used to make sandpaper
____ 83. used as crushed rock or part of cement
____ 84. an iron ore
____ 85. used in abrasives
Match the type of coal mining with its definition.
a.
open-pit mining
d.
underground mining
b.
strip mining
e.
slope mines
c.
drift mines
____ 86. uses an angled opening and an air shaft
____ 87. layers of rock and soil above coal are removed
____ 88. uses a horizontal opening in the side of a mountain
____ 89. another name for strip mining
____ 90. uses tunnels and pillars of rock for support
Match the source of energy with the correct type of energy.
a.
solar
d.
hydroelectric
b.
nuclear
e.
biomass
c.
electric
f.
geothermal
____ 91. water
____ 92. Sun
____ 93. uranium
____ 94. hot magma
____ 95. wood
____ 96. wind
Match each item with the correct description below. Some items may not be used.
a.
nonrenewable
j.
hydroelectric energy
b.
fossil fuels
k.
geothermal
c.
coal
l.
biomass
d.
oil
m.
mineral resources
e.
natural gas
n.
ore
f.
reserve
o.
recycling
g.
nuclear
p.
lignite
h.
solar
q.
plankton
i.
wind farm
____ 97. oil, natural gas, coal
____ 98. forms in a gaseous state under similar conditions as oil
____ 99. most abundant fossil fuel in the world
____ 100. energy from burning wood, alcohol, or garbage
____ 101. soft brown coal made from peat
____ 102. marine organisms that decay to make oil and natural gas
____ 103. electricity produced by waterpower
____ 104. large enough amount of a mineral that can be mined at a profit
____ 105. resources used faster than Earth can replace them
____ 106. using old materials to make new materials
____ 107. energy source produced from atomic reactions
____ 108. thick, black liquid
____ 109. energy from hot magma
____ 110. a large number of windmills generating electricity
____ 111. energy from the Sun
Short Answer
112.
What are some advantages and disadvantages of solar energy?
113.
Once a month, Patty helps clean up a park by picking up trash. In what ways could doing so both save and produce energy?
114.
List the four stages of coal formation.
115.
List some examples of uses for oil.
116.
Compare and contrast strip mining and underground mining.
117.
Give examples of how to conserve fossil fuels.
118.
List two problems of using nuclear energy with fission.
119.
List some inexhaustible energy resources
120.
What would probably happen to the value of bauxite if its supply suddenly increased?
121.
Describe how hydroelectric energy works.
122.
List two potential problems with burning garbage.
123.
Into what two groups can nonmetallic mineral resources be divided?
124. Complete the table below by writing an X in the appropriate boxes following each fuel or mineral.
Type of mineral
or fuel
Non-
renewable
Renewable
Metallic
Non-
metallic
Industrial
Building
coal
oil
natural gas
methane hydrates
nuclear energy
solar energy
wind farm
hydroelectric energy
geothermal energy
biomass energy
iron ore
limestone
gypsum
garnet
125. Study the following diagram of an oil trap. Then label the diagram with the correct terms from the list.
oil
roof rock
gas
reservoir rock
126. Study the following diagram of percentage of energy resources used in the United States. Then label the circle graph using the correct terms from the list.
coal
natural gas
nuclear
oil
biomass
hydroelectric
geothermal, wind, solar, and other
127. Number the following steps of coal formation in the correct order.
1. Anthracite coal is formed.
2. Peat is formed.
3. Plants decay.
4. Peat changes into lignite.
5. Bituminous coal is formed.
Essay
128. Explain some of the disadvantages of using nuclear energy.
129. Describe how geothermal energy works.
130. Name some materials that you can recycle.
131. Explain why renewable resources are used less than nonrenewab
Monday, February 11, 2008
7th Grade - Chapter 8 Test Review
7th Grade - Chapter 8 Test
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Barry finds a piece of mica split into two thin sheets. The splitting is an example of which mineral property?
a.
cleavage
b.
hardness
c.
luster
d.
streak
____ 2. What name is often used for intrusive igneous rock?
a.
basaltic
b.
extrusive
c.
granitic
d.
sedimentary
____ 3. Which of the following does NOT show how minerals form?
a.
bone
b.
evaporation
c.
lava
d.
magma
____ 4. How did sedimentary rock get its name?
a.
The rock was named after a person.
b.
The rock formed by layers of sediment.
c.
The rock formed from volcanic eruptions.
d.
The rock was named after a place.
____ 5. Why does the rock cycle have no beginning and no end?
a.
Scientists do not know much about the cycle.
b.
Rock is constantly changing.
c.
The current model is flawed.
d.
Very few rocks ever reach the end of the cycle.
____ 6. Meh Lynn is studying igneous rock in her science class. How does intrusive igneous rock form?
a.
Lava blocks the opening of a volcano and hardens.
b.
Lava flows out of a volcano and hardens.
c.
Magma breaks through Earth’s crust.
d.
Magma rises to the Earth’s crust but never reaches it.
____ 7. Jake’s class is studying minerals and how they are used. They have a chart that tells them how hard each mineral is. A rating of 1 indicates the softest mineral.
Which mineral would be least practical to use as a tool to strike something?
a.
apatite
b.
calcite
c.
quartz
d.
talc
____ 8. How is metamorphic rock different than sedimentary rock?
a.
Only sedimentary rock actually changes form.
b.
Only metamorphic rock actually changes form.
c.
Only sedimentary rock is used to make products.
d.
Only metamorphic rock is formed by pressure.
____ 9. Which mineral can be found in many colors?
a.
calcite
b.
feldspar
c.
mica
d.
talc
____ 10. Why are minerals considered a nonrenewable resource?
a.
They must be mined using expensive machinery.
b.
They are found very deep within Earth.
c.
There is a finite amount and they take a long time to form.
d.
They are no longer being formed.
____ 11. Kavita’s study group drew a model of the rock cycle. Their teacher told them the model was not correct.
What is wrong with their model?
a.
It implies that one type of rock can become another type.
b.
It should not include igneous rock.
c.
It should form a circular shape.
d.
Sedimentary and metamorphic rock are in the wrong order.
____ 12. Why do you think Moh’s Scale is important to scientists?
a.
It tells them how common minerals are.
b.
It tells them how hard minerals are.
c.
It tells them which minerals are gems.
d.
It tells them which minerals are ores.
____ 13. How might a scientist determine the age of a sedimentary rock formation?
a.
The scientist must first find a fossil in the rock.
b.
The scientist can study the individual layers of rock.
c.
Only a chemical test can determine the age of a rock.
d.
Scientists cannot tell the age of rock formations.
____ 14. Rocks that are produced when magma or lava cools and hardens are called ____.
a.
igneous rocks
c.
sedimentary rocks
b.
metamorphic rocks
d.
all of the above
____ 15. Which statement applies to minerals?
a.
More than 4,000 have been identified.
b.
You can find them in your salt shaker.
c.
Each has a unique arrangement of atoms.
d.
all of the above
____ 16. Which properties are NOT commonly used to identify minerals?
a.
reaction with acid
c.
specific gravity
b.
cleavage and fracture
d.
mass and size
____ 17. Rocks are foliated or nonfoliated depending on their ____.
a.
hardness
c.
layers or lack of layers
b.
cleavage and fracture
d.
streak
____ 18. The word metamorphic means ____.
a.
"change of form"
c.
"changed under extreme pressure"
b.
"produced by heat"
d.
all of the above
____ 19. Broken pieces of what types of rock are deposited into layers and cemented together to form sedimentary rock?
a.
sedimentary
c.
metamorphic
b.
igneous
d.
all of the above
____ 20. Which can occur in the rock cycle?
a.
Sedimentary rock is heated and squeezed to form metamorphic rock.
b.
Igneous rock is eroded to form metamorphic rock.
c.
Metamorphic rock melts to form sedimentary rock.
d.
none of the above
____ 21. The size of mineral crystals in igneous rocks ____.
a.
helps classify the rocks
b.
depends on the temperature at which magma forms
c.
depends on the mineral content of magma
d.
all of the above
____ 22. The rock cycle shows each rock ____.
a.
as it was millions of years ago
c.
on a continuing journey
b.
as it is in recent times
d.
as it was originally formed
____ 23. Which statement best describes how rocks are classified as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic?
a.
Rocks are classified by where they are found.
b.
Rocks are classified by how old they are.
c.
Rocks are classified by how they were formed.
d.
Rocks are classified by their color.
____ 24. Which can occur in the rock cycle?
a.
sedimentary rock is eroded to form igneous rock
b.
igneous rock is eroded to form metamorphic rock
c.
metamorphic rock melts to form sedimentary rock
d.
sedimentary rock is heated and squeezed to form metamorphic rock
____ 25. Which statement best expresses the relationship between rocks and minerals?
a.
Rocks and minerals are the same thing.
b.
Minerals are usually made of rocks.
c.
Rocks are usually made of minerals.
d.
Rocks and minerals are both made of gems.
____ 26. Which properties are NOT commonly used to identify minerals?
a.
streak and luster
c.
hardness and magnetism
b.
cleavage and fracture
d.
mass and size
____ 27. Rocks that are produced when melted rock cools and hardens are called ____ rocks.
a.
igneous
c.
sedimentary
b.
metamorphic
d.
foliated
____ 28. The word metamorphic means ____.
a.
“change of form”
c.
“very old”
b.
“produced by heat”
d.
“made from living matter”
____ 29. Broken pieces of rock are deposited into piles and are cemented together by other minerals. What type of rock has been formed?
a.
sedimentary
c.
metamorphic
b.
intrusive
d.
igneous
____ 30. The rock cycle ____.
a.
stopped millions of years ago
c.
is happening all the time
b.
stops for a while and then starts again
d.
just recently began
____ 31. The size of mineral crystals in igneous rocks depends on the ____.
a.
time it takes melted rock to cool
c.
mineral content of melted rock
b.
temperature at which the rock melts
d.
size of the pool of melted rock
____ 32. Foliated and nonfoliated rocks are both types of ____ rocks.
a.
igneous
c.
sedimentary
b.
metamorphic
d.
biochemical
Completion
Complete each statement.
33. Complete Table 9-1.
Rocks and Minerals
Minerals
Rocks
Properties of Minerals
Three Types of Rock
• are crystals
Igneous Rock
• have cleavage or a. ______________
Two Types:
• can be identified by the b. ______________
• d. ______________ form on Earth's surface
• have varying levels of c. ______________ on a scale from 1 to 10
• e. ______________ form below Earth's surface
• some have special properties
Sedimentary Rock
Three Types:
• f. ______________, ______________, ______________
Metamorphic Rock
Two Types:
• g. ______________, ______________
Table 9-1
34. A naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite structure and composition is called a(n) ____________________.
35. A(n) ____________________ is usually formed of two or more minerals.
36. Solids that have a repeating pattern of atoms are called ____________________.
37. Minerals that can be cut and polished, giving them a beautiful appearance, are called ____________________.
38. A mineral is called a(n) ____________________ if it contains an useful metal that can be sold for a profit.
39. The term ____________________ refers to rocks that are produced when melted rock, or magma, from inside Earth cools or hardens on or below Earth's surface.
40. Igneous rocks that form when magma cools on Earth's surface are called ____________________ igneous rocks.
41. Igneous rocks that form when magma cools below the crust inside Earth are called ____________________ igneous rocks.
42. Rocks produced when pieces of other rocks, plant and animal matter, or dissolved minerals collect to form rock layers are called _________________________.
43. Rocks formed when older rocks are heated and/or squeezed are called _________________________.
44. Metamorphic rocks that have distinct bands of minerals that have been heated and squeezed into parallel layers are called ____________________ rocks.
45. Metamorphic rocks that do not have distinct layers or bands are called ____________________ rocks.
46. The ____________________ shows how rocks change from one type to another.
47. Complete Figure 9-1 by inserting the correct terms in the rock cycle diagram.
Figure 9-1
48. Minerals that can be cut and polished, giving them a beautiful appearance, are called ____________________.
49. A(n) ____________________ is usually formed of two or more minerals.
50. Solids that have a repeating pattern of atoms are called ____________________.
51. A naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite structure and composition is called a(n) ____________________.
52. A mineral is called a(n) ____________________ if it contains something that can be useful and sold.
53. The term ____________________ refers to rocks that are produced when melted rock from inside Earth cools and hardens on or under Earth’s surface.
54. Rocks formed when older rocks are heated and/or squeezed are called ____________________.
55. Igneous rocks that form when lava cools under the crust inside Earth, rather than on the surface, are called ____________________ igneous rocks.
56. Rocks produced when pieces of other rocks, plant and animal matter, or dissolved minerals collect to form rock layers are called ____________________ rocks.
57. Igneous rocks that form when lava cools on Earth’s surface are called ____________________ igneous rocks.
58. Detrital rocks are a kind of ____________________ rock made of grains from minerals or other rocks that have moved and been deposited in layers
59. ____________________ rocks form from evaporation of seawater or from other chemical processes.
60. Metamorphic rocks that have distinct bands of minerals that have been heated and squeezed into parallel layers are called ____________________ rocks.
61. ____________________ metamorphic rocks, such as quartzite, marble, and soapstone, do not have distinct layers or bands.
62. The ____________________ shows how rocks are recycled from one type to another.
Matching
Match each term with the correct description below.
a.
ore
d.
gem
b.
mineral
e.
rock
c.
rock cycle
____ 63. a model that shows how rocks are recycled from one type to another
____ 64. a mineral that contains something that can be useful and sold after processing
____ 65. a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite structure and composition
____ 66. classified as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
____ 67. a rare mineral that can be cut and polished, giving it a beautiful appearance
Match each term with the correct description below.
a.
crystals
d.
metamorphic rocks
b.
igneous rocks
e.
sedimentary rocks
c.
fossil
____ 68. remains or trace of a once-living plant or animal
____ 69. rocks that form when magma or lava cools
____ 70. rocks formed when older rocks are heated and/or squeezed
____ 71. rocks formed when pieces of rocks, plant and animal matter, or dissolved minerals gather into layers
____ 72. solid that has a repeating pattern of atoms
Match each description with the correct item below.
a.
ore
i.
extrusive
b.
crystal
j.
foliated
c.
rock cycle
k.
intrusive
d.
gem
l.
nonfoliated
e.
rock
m.
igneous rocks
f.
organic
n.
sedimentary rocks
g.
chemical
o.
metamorphic rocks
h.
detrital
____ 73. a solid that is usually made of two or more minerals
____ 74. a mineral that contains something that can be useful and sold for a profit
____ 75. a solid mineral with a repeating pattern of atoms
____ 76. a diagram that shows the process of how rocks are changed from one type to another
____ 77. a mineral that is rare and can be cut and polished, giving it a beautiful appearance
____ 78. rocks that form when lava cools on Earth’s surface
____ 79. igneous rocks that form below the surface of Earth
____ 80. include intrusive and extrusive kinds of rocks
____ 81. rocks made of grains of minerals or other rocks that are moved and deposited into layers
____ 82. rocks formed when seawater, loaded with dissolved minerals, evaporates
____ 83. include detrital, chemical, and organic kinds of rocks
____ 84. rocks formed over millions of years from living matter
____ 85. include foliated and nonfoliated kinds of rocks
____ 86. rocks with bands of minerals that have been heated and squeezed into parallel layers
____ 87. metamorphic rocks with no distinct layers or bands
Short Answer
88.
Sarah is working on a report about the rock cycle. How should she explain how it is possible for a sedimentary rock to become a metamorphic rock?
89.
Jacob is comparing minerals by doing a scratch test. He finds one mineral that can be easily scratched with his fingernail.
Part A What does Jacob’s test tell him about the usefulness of the mineral?
Part B What type of mineral might Jacob have tested?
90.
What clues do we have on how a mineral was formed?
91.
Name five things in your school building that come from minerals.
92.
Why are gems so much more valuable than other minerals?
93.
What is the difference between cleavage and fracture?
94.
What is the Mohs scale?
95.
What is a mineral's streak, and is it always the same as its color?
96.
What is luster?
97.
How do you measure a mineral's specific gravity?
98.
What are granitic rocks?
99.
What are basaltic rocks?
100.
Why do you think sedimentary rocks are called sedimentary instead of something else?
101.
Explain how a metamorphic rock could turn into a sedimentary rock and then back into metamorphic rock.
102.
Describe ore processing.
103.
You find an extrusive igneous rock. Predict what would happen if you threw this rock in the ocean and wind and moving water acted on it.
104. Complete the concept map by writing the correct terms and phrases from the chapter next to the numbers.
Use the table to answer the questions below.
Selected Characteristics of Three Rock Samples
Sample
Selected characteristics
A
formed from magma
has large crystals
B
has many fossils of sea organisms
fizzes in acid
C
formed from minerals heated and squeezed together
has distinct bands of minerals in parallel layers
105. Is Sample A most likely an igneous, a metamorphic, or a sedimentary rock? Why do you think so? Is it any special type of rock you identified?
106. Is Sample B most likely an igneous, a metamorphic, or a sedimentary rock? Why do you think so? Is it any special type of rock you identified?
107. Is Sample C most likely an igneous, a metamorphic, or a sedimentary rock? Why do you think so? Is it any special type of rock you identified?
108. Predict what will happen in the case below. Conclude by telling what kind of rock will be made.
A huge glob of magma rises from deep in Earth, but a layer of crust keeps it from reaching the surface. Predict what will happen to this glob of magma. Remember that different types of rocks are formed in different ways. And each type of rock is on a continuing journey through the rock cycle.
Essay
109. What is the difference between a mineral and a rock?
110. What are five things in your school building that come from minerals?
111. You are given a sample of a mineral. How might you go about finding out what kind of mineral it is?
112. What does sedimentary mean?
113. What is the relationship between ores and minerals?
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Barry finds a piece of mica split into two thin sheets. The splitting is an example of which mineral property?
a.
cleavage
b.
hardness
c.
luster
d.
streak
____ 2. What name is often used for intrusive igneous rock?
a.
basaltic
b.
extrusive
c.
granitic
d.
sedimentary
____ 3. Which of the following does NOT show how minerals form?
a.
bone
b.
evaporation
c.
lava
d.
magma
____ 4. How did sedimentary rock get its name?
a.
The rock was named after a person.
b.
The rock formed by layers of sediment.
c.
The rock formed from volcanic eruptions.
d.
The rock was named after a place.
____ 5. Why does the rock cycle have no beginning and no end?
a.
Scientists do not know much about the cycle.
b.
Rock is constantly changing.
c.
The current model is flawed.
d.
Very few rocks ever reach the end of the cycle.
____ 6. Meh Lynn is studying igneous rock in her science class. How does intrusive igneous rock form?
a.
Lava blocks the opening of a volcano and hardens.
b.
Lava flows out of a volcano and hardens.
c.
Magma breaks through Earth’s crust.
d.
Magma rises to the Earth’s crust but never reaches it.
____ 7. Jake’s class is studying minerals and how they are used. They have a chart that tells them how hard each mineral is. A rating of 1 indicates the softest mineral.
Which mineral would be least practical to use as a tool to strike something?
a.
apatite
b.
calcite
c.
quartz
d.
talc
____ 8. How is metamorphic rock different than sedimentary rock?
a.
Only sedimentary rock actually changes form.
b.
Only metamorphic rock actually changes form.
c.
Only sedimentary rock is used to make products.
d.
Only metamorphic rock is formed by pressure.
____ 9. Which mineral can be found in many colors?
a.
calcite
b.
feldspar
c.
mica
d.
talc
____ 10. Why are minerals considered a nonrenewable resource?
a.
They must be mined using expensive machinery.
b.
They are found very deep within Earth.
c.
There is a finite amount and they take a long time to form.
d.
They are no longer being formed.
____ 11. Kavita’s study group drew a model of the rock cycle. Their teacher told them the model was not correct.
What is wrong with their model?
a.
It implies that one type of rock can become another type.
b.
It should not include igneous rock.
c.
It should form a circular shape.
d.
Sedimentary and metamorphic rock are in the wrong order.
____ 12. Why do you think Moh’s Scale is important to scientists?
a.
It tells them how common minerals are.
b.
It tells them how hard minerals are.
c.
It tells them which minerals are gems.
d.
It tells them which minerals are ores.
____ 13. How might a scientist determine the age of a sedimentary rock formation?
a.
The scientist must first find a fossil in the rock.
b.
The scientist can study the individual layers of rock.
c.
Only a chemical test can determine the age of a rock.
d.
Scientists cannot tell the age of rock formations.
____ 14. Rocks that are produced when magma or lava cools and hardens are called ____.
a.
igneous rocks
c.
sedimentary rocks
b.
metamorphic rocks
d.
all of the above
____ 15. Which statement applies to minerals?
a.
More than 4,000 have been identified.
b.
You can find them in your salt shaker.
c.
Each has a unique arrangement of atoms.
d.
all of the above
____ 16. Which properties are NOT commonly used to identify minerals?
a.
reaction with acid
c.
specific gravity
b.
cleavage and fracture
d.
mass and size
____ 17. Rocks are foliated or nonfoliated depending on their ____.
a.
hardness
c.
layers or lack of layers
b.
cleavage and fracture
d.
streak
____ 18. The word metamorphic means ____.
a.
"change of form"
c.
"changed under extreme pressure"
b.
"produced by heat"
d.
all of the above
____ 19. Broken pieces of what types of rock are deposited into layers and cemented together to form sedimentary rock?
a.
sedimentary
c.
metamorphic
b.
igneous
d.
all of the above
____ 20. Which can occur in the rock cycle?
a.
Sedimentary rock is heated and squeezed to form metamorphic rock.
b.
Igneous rock is eroded to form metamorphic rock.
c.
Metamorphic rock melts to form sedimentary rock.
d.
none of the above
____ 21. The size of mineral crystals in igneous rocks ____.
a.
helps classify the rocks
b.
depends on the temperature at which magma forms
c.
depends on the mineral content of magma
d.
all of the above
____ 22. The rock cycle shows each rock ____.
a.
as it was millions of years ago
c.
on a continuing journey
b.
as it is in recent times
d.
as it was originally formed
____ 23. Which statement best describes how rocks are classified as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic?
a.
Rocks are classified by where they are found.
b.
Rocks are classified by how old they are.
c.
Rocks are classified by how they were formed.
d.
Rocks are classified by their color.
____ 24. Which can occur in the rock cycle?
a.
sedimentary rock is eroded to form igneous rock
b.
igneous rock is eroded to form metamorphic rock
c.
metamorphic rock melts to form sedimentary rock
d.
sedimentary rock is heated and squeezed to form metamorphic rock
____ 25. Which statement best expresses the relationship between rocks and minerals?
a.
Rocks and minerals are the same thing.
b.
Minerals are usually made of rocks.
c.
Rocks are usually made of minerals.
d.
Rocks and minerals are both made of gems.
____ 26. Which properties are NOT commonly used to identify minerals?
a.
streak and luster
c.
hardness and magnetism
b.
cleavage and fracture
d.
mass and size
____ 27. Rocks that are produced when melted rock cools and hardens are called ____ rocks.
a.
igneous
c.
sedimentary
b.
metamorphic
d.
foliated
____ 28. The word metamorphic means ____.
a.
“change of form”
c.
“very old”
b.
“produced by heat”
d.
“made from living matter”
____ 29. Broken pieces of rock are deposited into piles and are cemented together by other minerals. What type of rock has been formed?
a.
sedimentary
c.
metamorphic
b.
intrusive
d.
igneous
____ 30. The rock cycle ____.
a.
stopped millions of years ago
c.
is happening all the time
b.
stops for a while and then starts again
d.
just recently began
____ 31. The size of mineral crystals in igneous rocks depends on the ____.
a.
time it takes melted rock to cool
c.
mineral content of melted rock
b.
temperature at which the rock melts
d.
size of the pool of melted rock
____ 32. Foliated and nonfoliated rocks are both types of ____ rocks.
a.
igneous
c.
sedimentary
b.
metamorphic
d.
biochemical
Completion
Complete each statement.
33. Complete Table 9-1.
Rocks and Minerals
Minerals
Rocks
Properties of Minerals
Three Types of Rock
• are crystals
Igneous Rock
• have cleavage or a. ______________
Two Types:
• can be identified by the b. ______________
• d. ______________ form on Earth's surface
• have varying levels of c. ______________ on a scale from 1 to 10
• e. ______________ form below Earth's surface
• some have special properties
Sedimentary Rock
Three Types:
• f. ______________, ______________, ______________
Metamorphic Rock
Two Types:
• g. ______________, ______________
Table 9-1
34. A naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite structure and composition is called a(n) ____________________.
35. A(n) ____________________ is usually formed of two or more minerals.
36. Solids that have a repeating pattern of atoms are called ____________________.
37. Minerals that can be cut and polished, giving them a beautiful appearance, are called ____________________.
38. A mineral is called a(n) ____________________ if it contains an useful metal that can be sold for a profit.
39. The term ____________________ refers to rocks that are produced when melted rock, or magma, from inside Earth cools or hardens on or below Earth's surface.
40. Igneous rocks that form when magma cools on Earth's surface are called ____________________ igneous rocks.
41. Igneous rocks that form when magma cools below the crust inside Earth are called ____________________ igneous rocks.
42. Rocks produced when pieces of other rocks, plant and animal matter, or dissolved minerals collect to form rock layers are called _________________________.
43. Rocks formed when older rocks are heated and/or squeezed are called _________________________.
44. Metamorphic rocks that have distinct bands of minerals that have been heated and squeezed into parallel layers are called ____________________ rocks.
45. Metamorphic rocks that do not have distinct layers or bands are called ____________________ rocks.
46. The ____________________ shows how rocks change from one type to another.
47. Complete Figure 9-1 by inserting the correct terms in the rock cycle diagram.
Figure 9-1
48. Minerals that can be cut and polished, giving them a beautiful appearance, are called ____________________.
49. A(n) ____________________ is usually formed of two or more minerals.
50. Solids that have a repeating pattern of atoms are called ____________________.
51. A naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite structure and composition is called a(n) ____________________.
52. A mineral is called a(n) ____________________ if it contains something that can be useful and sold.
53. The term ____________________ refers to rocks that are produced when melted rock from inside Earth cools and hardens on or under Earth’s surface.
54. Rocks formed when older rocks are heated and/or squeezed are called ____________________.
55. Igneous rocks that form when lava cools under the crust inside Earth, rather than on the surface, are called ____________________ igneous rocks.
56. Rocks produced when pieces of other rocks, plant and animal matter, or dissolved minerals collect to form rock layers are called ____________________ rocks.
57. Igneous rocks that form when lava cools on Earth’s surface are called ____________________ igneous rocks.
58. Detrital rocks are a kind of ____________________ rock made of grains from minerals or other rocks that have moved and been deposited in layers
59. ____________________ rocks form from evaporation of seawater or from other chemical processes.
60. Metamorphic rocks that have distinct bands of minerals that have been heated and squeezed into parallel layers are called ____________________ rocks.
61. ____________________ metamorphic rocks, such as quartzite, marble, and soapstone, do not have distinct layers or bands.
62. The ____________________ shows how rocks are recycled from one type to another.
Matching
Match each term with the correct description below.
a.
ore
d.
gem
b.
mineral
e.
rock
c.
rock cycle
____ 63. a model that shows how rocks are recycled from one type to another
____ 64. a mineral that contains something that can be useful and sold after processing
____ 65. a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite structure and composition
____ 66. classified as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
____ 67. a rare mineral that can be cut and polished, giving it a beautiful appearance
Match each term with the correct description below.
a.
crystals
d.
metamorphic rocks
b.
igneous rocks
e.
sedimentary rocks
c.
fossil
____ 68. remains or trace of a once-living plant or animal
____ 69. rocks that form when magma or lava cools
____ 70. rocks formed when older rocks are heated and/or squeezed
____ 71. rocks formed when pieces of rocks, plant and animal matter, or dissolved minerals gather into layers
____ 72. solid that has a repeating pattern of atoms
Match each description with the correct item below.
a.
ore
i.
extrusive
b.
crystal
j.
foliated
c.
rock cycle
k.
intrusive
d.
gem
l.
nonfoliated
e.
rock
m.
igneous rocks
f.
organic
n.
sedimentary rocks
g.
chemical
o.
metamorphic rocks
h.
detrital
____ 73. a solid that is usually made of two or more minerals
____ 74. a mineral that contains something that can be useful and sold for a profit
____ 75. a solid mineral with a repeating pattern of atoms
____ 76. a diagram that shows the process of how rocks are changed from one type to another
____ 77. a mineral that is rare and can be cut and polished, giving it a beautiful appearance
____ 78. rocks that form when lava cools on Earth’s surface
____ 79. igneous rocks that form below the surface of Earth
____ 80. include intrusive and extrusive kinds of rocks
____ 81. rocks made of grains of minerals or other rocks that are moved and deposited into layers
____ 82. rocks formed when seawater, loaded with dissolved minerals, evaporates
____ 83. include detrital, chemical, and organic kinds of rocks
____ 84. rocks formed over millions of years from living matter
____ 85. include foliated and nonfoliated kinds of rocks
____ 86. rocks with bands of minerals that have been heated and squeezed into parallel layers
____ 87. metamorphic rocks with no distinct layers or bands
Short Answer
88.
Sarah is working on a report about the rock cycle. How should she explain how it is possible for a sedimentary rock to become a metamorphic rock?
89.
Jacob is comparing minerals by doing a scratch test. He finds one mineral that can be easily scratched with his fingernail.
Part A What does Jacob’s test tell him about the usefulness of the mineral?
Part B What type of mineral might Jacob have tested?
90.
What clues do we have on how a mineral was formed?
91.
Name five things in your school building that come from minerals.
92.
Why are gems so much more valuable than other minerals?
93.
What is the difference between cleavage and fracture?
94.
What is the Mohs scale?
95.
What is a mineral's streak, and is it always the same as its color?
96.
What is luster?
97.
How do you measure a mineral's specific gravity?
98.
What are granitic rocks?
99.
What are basaltic rocks?
100.
Why do you think sedimentary rocks are called sedimentary instead of something else?
101.
Explain how a metamorphic rock could turn into a sedimentary rock and then back into metamorphic rock.
102.
Describe ore processing.
103.
You find an extrusive igneous rock. Predict what would happen if you threw this rock in the ocean and wind and moving water acted on it.
104. Complete the concept map by writing the correct terms and phrases from the chapter next to the numbers.
Use the table to answer the questions below.
Selected Characteristics of Three Rock Samples
Sample
Selected characteristics
A
formed from magma
has large crystals
B
has many fossils of sea organisms
fizzes in acid
C
formed from minerals heated and squeezed together
has distinct bands of minerals in parallel layers
105. Is Sample A most likely an igneous, a metamorphic, or a sedimentary rock? Why do you think so? Is it any special type of rock you identified?
106. Is Sample B most likely an igneous, a metamorphic, or a sedimentary rock? Why do you think so? Is it any special type of rock you identified?
107. Is Sample C most likely an igneous, a metamorphic, or a sedimentary rock? Why do you think so? Is it any special type of rock you identified?
108. Predict what will happen in the case below. Conclude by telling what kind of rock will be made.
A huge glob of magma rises from deep in Earth, but a layer of crust keeps it from reaching the surface. Predict what will happen to this glob of magma. Remember that different types of rocks are formed in different ways. And each type of rock is on a continuing journey through the rock cycle.
Essay
109. What is the difference between a mineral and a rock?
110. What are five things in your school building that come from minerals?
111. You are given a sample of a mineral. How might you go about finding out what kind of mineral it is?
112. What does sedimentary mean?
113. What is the relationship between ores and minerals?
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