7th Grade - Chapter 2 ONLINE REVIEW
Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
____ 1. The ability to burn is an example of a physical property. _________________________
____ 2. The state of matter is an example of a physical property. _________________________
____ 3. Ice, liquid water, and water vapor are the three states of water. _________________________
____ 4. The odor of a substance is an example of a physical property. _________________________
____ 5. Burning wood is an example of physical change. _________________________
____ 6. Physical changes are difficult or impossible to reverse. _________________________
____ 7. Sugar dissolved in tea and sugar in a bowl are not the same substance. _________________________
____ 8. The cracks that form in a sidewalk during winter are the result of a physical change. _________________________
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 9. When Genevieve smells a flower, she is showing an example of which kind of property of matter?
a.
chemical
b.
deposition
c.
physical
d.
vaporization
____ 10. Which state of matter do milk, juice, and vegetable oil represent?
a.
chemical
b.
gas
c.
liquid
d.
solid
____ 11. Which physical property of matter does NOT depend on the size of an object?
a.
density
b.
mass
c.
volume
d.
weight
____ 12. On a sunny winter day, Richard sees that the snow on the ground is beginning to melt. Which can he conclude about the temperature that day?
a.
The temperature was cold enough to turn a liquid into a solid.
b.
The weight of the snow was a factor in the increase in temperature.
c.
The temperature was warm enough to reach the melting point for snow.
d.
The density of the snow was a factor in the increase in temperature.
____ 13. If the mass of an object is 10 and its volume is 5, what is its density?
a.
1
b.
1.2
c.
2
d.
3
____ 14. When Marianne burns a log in the fireplace, which kind of property of matter is she demonstrating?
a.
chemical
b.
gas
c.
physical
d.
solubility
____ 15. Paul is looking around in his environment and observing the kinds of change that occur every day. He makes this chart of examples of change.
Which kinds of change do his examples represent?
a.
change in composition
b.
change in mass
c.
chemical change
d.
physical change
____ 16. What is the process called when a liquid changes into a gas?
a.
condensation
b.
deposition
c.
sublimation
d.
vaporization
____ 17. An old nail sometimes develops a reddish appearance called rust. Which term describes this change?
a.
chemical
b.
dissolving
c.
physical
d.
tarnish
____ 18. Rachel is finding that chemical changes occur in many different ways.
What could you conclude about the chemical changes listed in her chart?
a.
Chemical changes do not form new substances.
b.
During a chemical change, a substance absorbs energy.
c.
Energy is released during a chemical change.
d.
The formation of gas is due to a chemical change.
____ 19. Which type of change does a strong odor in rotting food indicate?
a.
change in solubility
b.
change in sublimation
c.
chemical change
d.
physical change
____ 20. What scientific law explains that the total mass of matter is the same before and after a physical change?
a.
Law of Conservation of Gases
b.
Law of Conservation of Mass
c.
Law of Conservation of Matter
d.
Law of Conservation of Weight
____ 21. People in Karen’s community recycle materials such as plastics, glass, and aluminum. Which is the BEST explanation for the reason for recycling?
a.
Household waste products are useless and cannot be reused.
b.
Recycling costs more than throwing materials into garbage dumps.
c.
Recycling forces people to separate their garbage and think about what they use.
d.
Waste products can be turned into new products using chemical and physical changes.
____ 22. The measurement of an object's mass is a ____.
a.
physical change
c.
chemical change
b.
physical property
d.
chemical property
____ 23. The ability of an apple to change color when exposed to air is a ____.
a.
physical property
c.
physical change
b.
chemical property
d.
chemical change
____ 24. The ability of a pond to freeze over in winter is a ____.
a.
physical property
c.
physical change
b.
chemical property
d.
chemical change
____ 25. Which of the following is NOT a possible sign of a chemical change?
a.
a change in state
c.
the release of a gas
b.
a change in color
d.
the release of energy
____ 26. Which of the following is NOT a possible sign of a physical change?
a.
a change in appearance
c.
the release of energy
b.
a change in volume
d.
a change in color
____ 27. When a newspaper is left in direct sunlight for a few days, the paper begins to turn yellow. The yellow color is evidence of a ____.
a.
physical property
c.
physical change
b.
chemical property
d.
chemical change
____ 28. Three examples of physical change are ____.
a.
boiling water, a nail rusting, a melting candle
b.
a pond freezing, breaking glass, a burning candle
c.
melting ice, mowing the lawn, carving a statue
d.
applying lipstick, making lemonade, baking bread
____ 29. When a chunk of dry ice is at room temperature, a cloud of carbon dioxide vapor forms. The carbon dioxide is changing from a ____.
a.
solid to a liquid
c.
liquid to plasma
b.
solid to a gas
d.
liquid to a gas
____ 30. Which of these is not a physical property of matter?
a.
density
c.
ability to burn
b.
mass
d.
texture
____ 31. An example of physical change involving more than one substance is ____.
a.
evaporating
c.
burning
b.
rusting
d.
dissolving
____ 32. An example of a change of state is ____.
a.
evaporating
c.
burning
b.
rusting
d.
dissolving
____ 33. Which of the following shows a behavioral property?
a.
peeling a banana
c.
snow melting in the Sun
b.
iron attracted to a lodestone
d.
hammer hitting a nail
____ 34. The ____ is an example of a chemical change.
a.
melting of chocolate
c.
salting of food
b.
freezing of water
d.
burning of paper
____ 35. Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?
a.
evaporating
c.
burning
b.
melting
d.
sublimation
____ 36. Which of these indicates that a chemical change has taken place?
a.
change from a liquid to a gas
c.
release of heat energy
b.
change in shape
d.
dissolving of a solid
____ 37. The density of a material is ____.
a.
how much the material weighs
b.
the mass of a unit volume of the material
c.
how much space the material takes up
d.
whether or not the material floats in a liquid
____ 38. The process of a liquid changing into a gas is called ____.
a.
sublimation
c.
vaporization
b.
condensation
d.
deposition
____ 39. The process of a gas changing into a liquid is called ____.
a.
sublimation
c.
vaporization
b.
condensation
d.
deposition
____ 40. The process of a solid changing directly into a gas, without ever becoming a liquid is called ____.
a.
sublimation
c.
vaporization
b.
condensation
d.
deposition
____ 41. The process in which a gas changes directly into a solid, without ever becoming a liquid is called ____.
a.
sublimation
c.
vaporization
b.
condensation
d.
deposition
____ 42. An object’s odor is a ____.
a.
physical property
c.
physical change
b.
chemical property
d.
chemical change
____ 43. A change in an object’s odor is the result of a ____.
a.
physical property
c.
physical change
b.
chemical property
d.
chemical change
____ 44. The precipitation of a solid can indicate a ____.
a.
physical property
c.
physical change
b.
chemical property
d.
chemical change
Completion
Complete each statement.
45. Photosynthesis in plants is an example of a ____________________ change.
46. The color of a material is an example of a ____________________ property.
47. The main difference between physical and chemical changes is that ____________________ changes are not reversible.
48. The evaporation of water is an example of a change in ____________________.
Unscramble the letters to form the correct word for each definition.
49. hacclime preptory: allows a substance to change to a new substance ____________________
50. malceich hagcen: original material is transformed into a new material ____________________
51. aeioocnnrstv fo sams: total mass is the same before and after a physical or chemical change ____________________
52. chyplais gnache: any alteration in size, shape, or form of matter ____________________
53. tendisy: relates an object’s mass to the amount of space it takes up ____________________
54. saphicly toppyrer: most of these characteristics can be observed with the senses ____________________
55. liigbon tnpoi: temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas ____________________
56. vhaiebro: how something acts ____________________
57. ulmove: how much space an object takes up ____________________
58. mtlgnei iotpn: temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid ____________________
59. ttsae: solid, liquid or gas ____________________
60. aaaceenrpp: properties you detect with your senses ____________________
61. Shape, color, and texture are examples of ____________________.
62. You can tell a(n) ____________________ has occurred when energy is taken in or given off.
63. The rusting of metal is an example of a(n) ____________________ change.
64. A change of ____________________ is an example of a physical change.
65. Milk and gasoline are examples of the ____________________ of matter.
66. Mass and volume depend on the ____________________ of matter.
67. ____________________ measures how much mass is in a given volume.
68. You can use a table to find the ____________________ point of most substances.
69. The fact that something is magnetic can be determined by watching its ____________________.
70. A(n) ____________________ can only be determined by changing a substance.
71. ____________________ is when a gas changes into a solid.
72. ____________________ can indicate physical or chemical changes depending on the cause of the change.
73. Energy is ____________________ in a chemical change.
74. Formation of a(n) ____________________ is an indication of chemical change.
75. The total ____________________ of the matter is the same before and after a physical or chemical change. This is the ______________________________.
Classify the following changes by writing physical or chemical.
76. tearing paper ____________________
77. wax melting ____________________
78. wood burning ____________________
79. peeling a potato ____________________
80. iron rusting ____________________
81. sanding wood ____________________
82. milk souring ____________________
83. silver tarnishing ____________________
Matching
Match the type of property with the example.
a.
physical property
b.
chemical property
____ 84. a box measures 4 cm by 3 cm by 8 cm
____ 85. the liquid burned easily
____ 86. the muffins baked for 20 minutes until done
____ 87. the dessert tasted rich and chocolatey
Match the signs of chemical change with the examples of chemical change.
a.
the formation of a precipitate
c.
release of light and heat
b.
a change in color
d.
the formation of a gas
____ 88. burning wood in a fireplace
____ 89. antacid tablet in water
____ 90. solution of sodium nitrate is mixed with a solution of lead nitrate
____ 91. leaving peeled fruit on a kitchen counter
Match each item to the correct statement below.
a.
state
g.
physical change
b.
boiling point
h.
physical property
c.
chemical change
i.
behavior
d.
chemical property
j.
release of energy
e.
density
k.
mass
f.
color
l.
liquid
____ 92. an indication that a chemical change has taken place
____ 93. temperature at which liquid changes to gas
____ 94. a physical property of matter
____ 95. size, shape, or state of matter
____ 96. measure of how much of an object there is
____ 97. property that could be used to indicate physical or chemical change
____ 98. Melting is an example.
____ 99. The ability to burn is an example.
____ 100. liquid, gas, or solid
____ 101. how something acts
____ 102. a state of matter
____ 103. Rusting of iron is an example.
Short Answer
104.
Explain the difference between a physical and a chemical property.
105.
Why is the state of matter a physical property and not a chemical property?
106.
Why should you never taste anything in the laboratory unless your teacher tells you it's okay?
107.
How can you tell that fireworks exploded during a typical Fourth of July display don't all contain exactly the same ingredients?
108.
Describe five physical properties of a lemon, three that are constant for every lemon and two that can vary from lemon to lemon.
109.
Explain why the appearance of a gas is not always a sign of a chemical change.
110.
Sometimes people collect items such as eggshells, lawn clippings, and leaves into a compost heap in the backyard. The pile should be turned over once or twice a year to release heat that builds up in the center. What do you think is happening inside the compost pile?
111.
Explain how color can be classified as both a physical property and as one indication of a chemical change.
112.
Suppose someone goes to a salon to get his or her hair trimmed, bleached, and braided. Identify which of these processes involves a chemical change and a physical change. Explain your answers.
113.
What is the difference between a chemical change and a physical change?
114.
In the fall, you rake leaves into a pile, burn them, and spread the ashes back on the lawn as fertilizer. What are the chemical changes and what are the physical changes in this process?
115.
When yeast is added to bread dough, it produces carbon dioxide. The pressure of the gas causes the dough to expand. Explain how the rising of dough is an example of both a physical and a chemical change.
116.
Suppose a customer brings a gold bracelet to a jeweler and asks for it to be changed into a gold ring. What property will distinguish the ring from the bracelet? Will the changes required be physical or chemical? Explain your answer.
117.
Auto bodies have usually been made almost entirely from steel, and the main ingredient of steel is iron. However, on many cars, doors and fenders are made of plastic. What key advantage might plastic have over an iron-based material?
118.
Describe three items that you might prepare for breakfast that are changed chemically or physically during preparation.
119.
When a shiny penny turns dull, is the change physical or chemical?
120.
Explain why it is safe to eat table salt even though it is made from sodium, which can burn in water, and chlorine, which is a poisonous gas.
121.
Rock salt is used on winter roads to control icing. Cars become covered with salt from the road. However, salt on a car is not rock salt but powdered salt. Use your knowledge of physical and chemical changes to explain the change in the salt.
122.
Explain how water causes weathering in rocks.
123.
Identify the following properties of matter as size dependent or size independent: density, state, weight, color, volume, ability to attract a magnet, solubility, mass, melting/boiling point.
124.
Define the law of conservation of mass and explain how it relates to physical and chemical changes.
125. List some physical properties that are size dependent.
126. List some physical properties that are size independent.
Think of a piece of notebook paper as you answer the following questions.
127. List three ways you could change the physical properties of the piece of paper.
128. In what ways can you change its chemical properties?
129. Do you think most people cause physical or chemical changes to notebook paper? How?
130. Compare and contrast the changes a piece of paper undergoes when it is torn into tiny pieces and when it is burned.
131. Compare and contrast chemical and physical changes.
132. How does the formation of drops of water on the outside of a glass of iced tea indicate the presence of water vapor, an invisible gas, in the air surrounding the glass? What kind of change is involved in this process?
133. When does the color change in a leaf indicate physical change and when does it indicate chemical change?
134. In a mixture of iron filings and sulfur powder, the particles of each substance are clearly visible and a magnet can be used to separate the iron from the sulfur. After the mixture is heated strongly, neither substance is recognizable and the resulting product is not magnetic. Explain what happened.
135. What is the difference between dissolving sugar in water and making cookies with sugar in them?
136. Classify each of the following properties of sucrose as chemical or physical.
a. It has a melting point of 186°C.
b. It is white solid.
c. It decomposes above 200°C.
d. Its density is 1.58 g/cm3.
e. Its consumption produces 52 kJ of energy per teaspoon.
Essay
137.
Physical changes are sometimes easier to identify than chemical changes.
Part A Give an example of a chemical change that occurs seasonally in a tree.
Part B Explain the process of the chemical change.
138. Why is an object’s mass a size-dependent physical property while its density is a size-independent physical property?
139. Using what you know about chemical change and the law of conservation of mass, explain why you think many communities no longer allow residents to burn fallen leaves each autumn.
7th Grade - Chapter 2 ONLINE REVIEW
Answer Section
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
1. ANS: F, chemical
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 1/1 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
2. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I
OBJ: 1/1 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
3. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I
OBJ: 1/1 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
4. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I
OBJ: 1/1 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
5. ANS: F, chemical
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
6. ANS: F, Chemical
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
7. ANS: F, are
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
8. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I
OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
MULTIPLE CHOICE
9. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.A.1.3.1
10. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.A.1.3.1
11. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.A.1.3.1
12. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.A.1.3.1 SC.A.1.3.5
13. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.A.1.3.1
14. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.A.1.3.1 SC.A.1.3.5
15. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.A.1.3.5
16. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.A.1.3.5
17. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.A.1.3.5
18. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.A.1.3.5
19. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.A.1.3.5
20. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.A.1.3.5
21. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.A.1.3.5 SC.G.2.3.4
22. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 1/1
STA: SC.A.1.3.2 SC.A.1.3.5
23. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 1/1
STA: SC.A.1.3.5
24. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 1/1
STA: SC.A.1.3.5
25. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/2
STA: SC.A.1.3.5
26. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/2
STA: SC.A.1.3.5
27. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.A.1.3.5
28. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.A.1.3.5
29. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.A.1.3.5
30. ANS: C PTS: 1
31. ANS: D PTS: 1
32. ANS: A PTS: 1
33. ANS: B PTS: 1
34. ANS: D PTS: 1
35. ANS: C PTS: 1
36. ANS: C PTS: 1
37. ANS: B PTS: 1
38. ANS: C PTS: 1
39. ANS: B PTS: 1
40. ANS: A PTS: 1
41. ANS: D PTS: 1
42. ANS: A PTS: 1
43. ANS: D PTS: 1
44. ANS: D PTS: 1
COMPLETION
45. ANS: chemical
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
46. ANS: physical
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 1/1 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
47. ANS: chemical
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
48. ANS: state
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
49. ANS: chemical property
PTS: 1
50. ANS: chemical change
PTS: 1
51. ANS: conservation of mass
PTS: 1
52. ANS: physical change
PTS: 1
53. ANS: density
PTS: 1
54. ANS: physical property
PTS: 1
55. ANS: boiling point
PTS: 1
56. ANS: behavior
PTS: 1
57. ANS: volume
PTS: 1
58. ANS: melting point
PTS: 1
59. ANS: state
PTS: 1
60. ANS: appearance
PTS: 1
61. ANS: physical properties
PTS: 1
62. ANS: chemical change
PTS: 1
63. ANS: chemical
PTS: 1
64. ANS: state
PTS: 1
65. ANS: liquid state
PTS: 1
66. ANS: amount
PTS: 1
67. ANS: Density
PTS: 1
68. ANS:
melting
boiling
PTS: 1
69. ANS: behavior
PTS: 1
70. ANS: chemical property
PTS: 1
71. ANS: Deposition
PTS: 1
72. ANS: Color
PTS: 1
73. ANS:
gained
released
PTS: 1
74. ANS:
gas
solid
PTS: 1
75. ANS: mass, law of conservation of mass
PTS: 1
76. ANS: physical
PTS: 1
77. ANS: physical
PTS: 1
78. ANS: chemical
PTS: 1
79. ANS: physical
PTS: 1
80. ANS: chemical
PTS: 1
81. ANS: physical
PTS: 1
82. ANS: chemical
PTS: 1
83. ANS: chemical
PTS: 1
MATCHING
84. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 1/1
STA: SC.A.1.3.5
85. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 1/1
STA: SC.A.1.3.5
86. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 1/1
STA: SC.A.1.3.5
87. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 1/1
STA: SC.A.1.3.5
88. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.A.1.3.5
89. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.A.1.3.5
90. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.A.1.3.5
91. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.A.1.3.5
92. ANS: J PTS: 1
93. ANS: B PTS: 1
94. ANS: E PTS: 1
95. ANS: H PTS: 1
96. ANS: K PTS: 1
97. ANS: F PTS: 1
98. ANS: G PTS: 1
99. ANS: D PTS: 1
100. ANS: A PTS: 1
101. ANS: I PTS: 1
102. ANS: L PTS: 1
103. ANS: C PTS: 1
SHORT ANSWER
104. ANS:
A chemical property is a characteristic that cannot be observed without altering the substance observed. A physical property is a characteristic that a person can observe without changing the composition of that substance.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.A.1.3.1
105. ANS:
Changing state does not change the identity of the matter. Water is still water whether it is ice, liquid, or vapor. Chemical properties can't be observed without changing the substance.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 1/1 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
106. ANS:
There could be a poisonous residue on the glassware, or a chemical change may have occurred, causing something to become poisonous.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.1 SC.A.1.3.5
107. ANS:
The starting materials must differ because the materials produced during the explosions have different colors.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
108. ANS:
Constant: color, taste, texture of skin; not constant: size, shape
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 1/1 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
109. ANS:
A gas can be the result of a change of state, which is a physical change. The boiling of water produces water vapor; opening a carbonated beverage releases dissolved carbon dioxide.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.4
110. ANS:
The material is decomposing, which is a chemical change; heat is the evidence of change.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
111. ANS:
Color is a physical property because it can be observed without changing the substance, but when new substances form during a chemical change, there may be a change in color because the new substances will have a different set of physical properties.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
112. ANS:
The trimming and braiding are physical changes because they are changes in size and shape. The bleaching is a chemical change because it produces a change in color.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
113. ANS:
A chemical change changes the substance. A physical change doesn't affect the basics of the substance.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 2/1 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
114. ANS:
Raking the leaves into a pile and spreading the ashes are physical changes. Burning the leaves and the ashes being broken down by the lawn for fertilizer are chemical changes.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
115. ANS:
The carbon dioxide gas produced indicates that a chemical change has occurred. The change in volume as the dough rises is an example of a physical change.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
116. ANS:
shape; physical; The solid bracelet must be heated until it melts, then liquid gold must be poured into a ring-shaped mold and allowed to harden. The new ring will still have the same composition as the bracelet.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
117. ANS:
Plastic doesn't rust when exposed to the oxygen in air and water. (Also, the plastic rebounds from gentle impacts, and a car with less density is more fuel efficient.)
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
118. ANS:
Possible choices: physically changing a banana by peeling and slicing; physically changing water by heating; physically changing oranges to make juice; chemically changing bread by toasting; chemically changing eggs or meat by cooking.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
119. ANS:
chemical; the metal in the penny has combined with oxygen in the air
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
120. ANS:
The product of a chemical change can have very different physical and chemical properties from the original materials.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.1 SC.A.1.3.5
121. ANS:
The rock salt dissolved in water from snow or rain. The water evaporated from the surface of the car leaving powdered salt, a physical change.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.5
122. ANS:
Water can freeze and expand in the crevices of rocks, causing them to split into smaller pieces. Water can also dissolve materials from rocks.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.1 SC.A.1.3.5
123. ANS:
size dependent: mass, weight, volume; size independent: density, melting/boiling point, solubility, ability to attract a magnet, state, color
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 1/1 STA: SC.A.1.3.1 SC.A.1.3.5
124. ANS:
The law of conservation of mass states that mass cannot be created or destroyed. This means that the mass of any substances present before a physical or chemical change is equal to the mass of the substances present after the change.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.2 SC.A.1.3.5
125. ANS:
Answers may include mass, weight, volume.
PTS: 1
126. ANS:
Answers may include density, melting point, boiling point, solubility, ability to attract a magnet, state of matter, color.
PTS: 1
127. ANS:
Possible answers include: coloring the paper, crumpling the paper, tearing it, or dissolving it.
PTS: 1
128. ANS:
Burn it or dissolve it in acid.
PTS: 1
129. ANS:
Most people cause physical changes because they use notebook paper to take notes or write things on. Very few people burn notebook paper.
PTS: 1
130. ANS:
The tearing of paper is a physical change. The only changes in the paper caused by tearing are changes in size and shape. The burning of paper is a chemical change. During this change, paper is changed into ashes, smoke, and gases.
PTS: 1
131. ANS:
Both change the substance from what is first seen. Chemical changes are not easily reversed. Physical changes just change the observable parts of a substance, but the basic substance is unchanged.
PTS: 1
132. ANS:
The formation of the water drops indicates that water vapor in the air has condensed, or changed to a liquid, on the sides of the glass. Condensation is a physical change.
PTS: 1
133. ANS:
If the color change is caused by a reaction within the leaf, it is chemical. If it is caused by bird droppings or berry juice, it is physical.
PTS: 1
134. ANS:
Heating caused a chemical change to take place. The chemical properties of the new product have changed and a new substance has been formed.
PTS: 1
135. ANS:
Dissolving sugar in water is a physical change. Making cookies with sugar is a chemical change.
PTS: 1
136. ANS:
a. physical
b. physical
c. chemical
d. physical
e. chemical
PTS: 1
ESSAY
137. ANS:
Part A In the fall, the leaves of many trees begin to change color. This is a visible example of a chemical change that is occurring in the tree.
Part B In the fall, the chlorophyll in the tree’s leaves undergoes a chemical change into colorless chemicals. This allows different colors of pigment such as red and orange now to be seen.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.A.1.3.5
138. ANS:
Mass, weight, and volume of an object are size dependent; they are greater or less, depending on the size of the object. Size-independent physical properties are the same, regardless of the paper’s size. Density, which is mass divided by volume, does not change with size.
PTS: 1
139. ANS:
Answers will vary. Look for answers that define chemical change and the law of conservation of mass and relate the mass of fallen leaves to an equal amount of particles that could pollute the air.
PTS: 1
Wednesday, January 9, 2008
7th Grade- Chapter 1 Online Review
7th Grade - Chapter 1 ONLINE REVIEW
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____ 1. Science has been used throughout history to answer questions about the world.
____ 2. Using a computer graphic is the only effective way to display the data from an experiment.
____ 3. If the results of your experiment do not support your hypothesis, it means that your hypothesis was wrong.
____ 4. Scientific discoveries have been made by people of different races, sexes, cultures, and time periods.
____ 5. There is usually only one correct method that can be used to solve a problem.
____ 6. The number of trials conducted is the same in every experiment.
____ 7. If the results of experiments do not support a prediction, scientists change their predictions.
____ 8. Because the quality of the solution to a problem depends on how well the entire project is carried out, planning is a very important step in science.
____ 9. Although a model was useful for locating the source of an 1871 cholera epidemic, models are rarely useful to scientists trying to solve other problems.
____ 10. Good experiments can only be conducted if you have the latest materials and tools.
____ 11. Modern electronic communications allow people throughout the world to learn quickly about new discoveries.
____ 12. A hypothesis is a statement of fact.
____ 13. Scientific discoveries are made only by professional scientists.
____ 14. Scientific discoveries influence only areas related to our health.
____ 15. Any information gathered from the Internet can be assumed to be accurate.
____ 16. The more trials you can run in an experiment, the more reliable the results.
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 17. What is the name for the steps scientists go through to solve problems?
a.
drawing conclusions
b.
forming a hypothesis
c.
research design
d.
scientific method
____ 18. Rita wants to study the history of her town. What type of research will she have to do?
a.
descriptive research
b.
experimental research
c.
research design
d.
variable research
____ 19. Why is a microscope considered technology?
a.
It uses electricity and has lenses.
b.
It uses a technique that helps solve a problem.
c.
Some people use it every day.
d.
It enables people to see details inside cells.
____ 20. How might a scientist show bias in an experiment?
a.
by asking others to verify the data
b.
by choosing a random sample by computer
c.
by drawing conclusions without analyzing data
d.
by using multiple trials to confirm data
____ 21. Mike is testing the effects of friction on a toy car going down a ramp. He runs one trial with sandpaper on the ramp and another trial with cloth on the ramp. What else does he need in his experiment?
a.
a control group
b.
a longer ramp
c.
an independent variable
d.
a technology
____ 22. Margo recorded data for her experiment on a line graph.
What conclusions can she draw from her data?
a.
Growth declined steadily each week.
b.
Growth increased steadily each week.
c.
A growth pattern cannot be determined.
d.
Growth will probably stop soon.
____ 23. What happens after a technological design process is tested successfully?
a.
Design flaws are identified.
b.
The new process is tested with the public.
c.
The constraints are listed.
d.
A pilot plant can be built.
____ 24. Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific method?
a.
analyze your data
b.
communicate your results
c.
find your biases
d.
test your hypothesis
____ 25. Mike is conducting an experiment to see if his dog will eat a new brand of dog food. He will replace the dog’s old food with the new brand. Identify the dependent variable in this experiment.
a.
the amount of food
b.
the place the food is left
c.
the type of food
d.
whether the dog eats
____ 26. Why is it important for scientists to present their findings to the public?
a.
The public has to understand every scientific finding.
b.
Scientific data can benefit society in different ways.
c.
The scientist might be able to get the data published.
d.
The scientist needs credit for his or her findings.
____ 27. What is the best way to predict when the next full moon will occur?
a.
Collect data about the time of the sunset each day.
b.
Design an engineering experiment.
c.
Draw your own conclusion.
d.
Make a model of the solar system.
____ 28. Clara is conducting an experiment to find out the number of times her lab mice received a reward for finishing a task. She is using a tally chart to keep track of each mouse and the number of rewards each receives.
What is the best type of graph for her to use to analyze her data?
a.
bar graph
b.
line graph
c.
pictograph
d.
pie graph
____ 29. How does engineering meet human needs?
a.
It uses newly designed products.
b.
It solves problems.
c.
It uses technology.
d.
It uses science.
____ 30. Scientists use prior experience to ____.
a.
collect data
b.
make predictions about what will happen under certain circumstances
c.
analyze their data
d.
serve as a control in their experiments
____ 31. One example of technology that is commonly used by scientists is ____.
a.
computers
c.
variables
b.
hypotheses
d.
observations
____ 32. Examples of the skills used in science include ____ and ____.
a.
cholera , E. coli outbreaks
c.
facts , inferences
b.
clues , detectives
d.
observations , measurements
____ 33. After scientists analyze the results of their experiments, they ____.
a.
form hypotheses
b.
include a control
c.
communicate those results to other people
d.
choose the variables they want to test
____ 34. Which of the following steps to solve a problem must be completed first?
a.
analyzing data
c.
forming a hypothesis
b.
recognizing and identifying the problem
d.
testing a hypothesis
____ 35. Which of the following steps to solve a problem is completed last?
a.
analyzing data
c.
drawing conclusions
b.
recognizing and identifying the problem
d.
testing a hypothesis
____ 36. Listing what is known about a problem and possible ways to solve the problem are parts of ____.
a.
making a plan
c.
testing a hypothesis
b.
drawing conclusions
d.
eliminating bias
____ 37. ____ can save time and money by testing ideas that would otherwise be difficult to test quickly or easily.
a.
Biases
c.
Models
b.
Conclusions
d.
Variables
____ 38. A prediction or statement that can be tested is ____.
a.
a conclusion
c.
a control
b.
an observation
d.
a hypothesis
____ 39. A factor in an experiment that can change is ____.
a.
an observation
c.
a control
b.
a variable
d.
a hypothesis
____ 40. A sample that is treated exactly like the other experimental groups except that the variable is not applied to it is a(n) ____.
a.
observation
c.
control
b.
variable
d.
hypothesis
____ 41. Scientists conduct multiple trials of their experiments because ____.
a.
their results are more likely to be reliable
b.
it costs less to run more trials than fewer trials
c.
unusual occurrences are likely to be repeated every time
d.
experiments always have the same results
____ 42. One tool that can be used to display your data is a ____.
a.
balance
c.
microscope
b.
spring scale
d.
computer
____ 43. One way to reduce bias in an experiment is to ____.
a.
ask only girls a question about a school topic
b.
take numerical measurements of the results
c.
use descriptive phrases as your data
d.
make sure that the results come out the way you want them
____ 44. A good way to organize and record your results and observations is ____.
a.
in a data table
b.
by using a calculator
c.
with a balance or spring scale
d.
by having a hypothesis before you begin your experiment
____ 45. Which of the following units is part of the International System of Units, or SI?
a.
pounds
c.
meters
b.
ounces
d.
inches
Completion
Complete each statement.
46. use of knowledge to make products or tools ____________________
47. a prediction or statement that can be tested tools ____________________
48. SI is used for this purpose ____________________
49. sample treated like other experimental groups except no variable is used ____________________
50. sample taken without bias ____________________
51. a factor in an experiment that can change ____________________
52. a way or a process to investigate what is happening around us ____________________
53. way to organize and record results and observations ____________________
Correctly complete each sentence by choosing the best choice in parentheses.
54. Scientists use ______________________________ (observations, experiments, observations and experiments) to find answers to questions.
55. In today’s society, there is/are usually ____________________ (only one, a pair of, several) scientist[s] working on a problem at one time.
56. _________________________ (Making a detailed plan, Making a model, Identifying the problem) is the first step a scientist would take to solve a problem.
57. New artifacts, new techniques, and new social-technical systems are types of ____________________ (scientific discovery, technology, engineering advances).
58. The first step in finding a scientific solution to a problem or human need is ____________________ (make a discovery, define a problem, test a model).
Matching
Match each term with its description below.
a.
hypothesis
e.
science
b.
variable
f.
technology
c.
control
g.
globalization
d.
SI
____ 59. use of knowledge to make products or tools that people can use
____ 60. a sample that is treated exactly like the other experimental groups except that the variable is not applied to it
____ 61. worldwide distribution
____ 62. a system of units used by scientists that is based on units of ten
____ 63. a prediction or statement that can be tested
____ 64. a factor in an experiment that can change
____ 65. a process used to solve a problem
Match a or b to each term below.
a.
general skill used in science
b.
specific step scientists follow to solve problems
____ 66. observing
____ 67. analyzing data
____ 68. forming a hypothesis
____ 69. comparing and contrasting
____ 70. classifying
____ 71. drawing conclusions
____ 72. recognizing the problem
____ 73. testing a hypothesis
____ 74. measuring
Match the description with the correct term. Some items may not be used.
a.
model
g.
control
b.
random
h.
scientist
c.
data table
i.
hypothesis
d.
trial
j.
bias
e.
technology
k.
variable
f.
science log
l.
science
____ 75. a way to record results and observations accurately
____ 76. a single run of an experiment
____ 77. the application of science to make products or tools
____ 78. a way or a process to investigate what is happening around us
____ 79. a prediction or statement that can be tested
____ 80. a slanted view
____ 81. a factor that can change in an experiment
____ 82. used to represent things that happen too slowly or quickly t observe directly
____ 83. a type of sample taken without bias
____ 84. sample treated like other experimental groups except no viable is used
Match the following SI units with what they measure.
a.
temperature
d.
length
b.
liquid volume
e.
mass
c.
area
____ 85. meter
____ 86. gram
____ 87. tonne
____ 88. liter
____ 89. degrees Celsius
Short Answer
90.
Why is it important for all scientists to follow the same general steps when doing scientific investigations?
91.
Dana writes a detailed plan for a scientific investigation. First she shows her plan to her lab partner. He advises that she should use only one independent variable instead of two. She then rewrites her plan to incorporate his comments, and she conducts the experiment.
Part A Why do you think Dana’s lab partner advises against two independent variables in her experiment?
Part B If Dana’s lab partner wants to repeat the experiment, how would he do so?
92.
Give at least two reasons why scientists use the International System of Units (SI).
93.
List at least two reasons for designing your data tables before beginning your experiment.
94.
What are two ways that scientists communicate their results to other people?
95.
List three examples of how technology has made entertainment more accessible to people over the last one hundred years.
96.
Describe how scientists around the world use technology to discuss their results.
97.
How is the work of scientists similar to the work of detectives?
98.
Describe how prior knowledge may be used by scientists.
99.
List three ways that computers can be used in research.
100.
List at least four skills that scientists commonly use.
101.
List at least four types of information that scientists might include in a journal.
102.
Sequence the following steps: test your hypothesis, draw conclusions, recognize the problem, analyze the data, form a hypothesis.
103.
How might scientists go about trying to solve a large, complicated problem?
104.
Give an example of how scientists might use a computer model.
105.
List at least two possible sources of information that you could use to form a hypothesis.
106.
List at least three things you should be careful to do when designing an experiment.
107.
What are at least two factors that might influence the decision about how many trials of an experiment to conduct?
108.
State at least one possible source of bias in an experiment and describe how you can reduce it.
109.
If the results of your experiment do not support your hypothesis, have you still learned something important? Explain.
110.
Besides advances in the entertainment industry, give an example of how technology could make a difference in your everyday life.
111.
Are all scientific discoveries made by professional scientists? Explain.
112.
Describe how new scientific knowledge can challenge old ways of thinking or doing things.
113.
Is all scientific information good? Can some information be harmful? Can science make these decisions?
Figure 1-1
114.
An experiment was conducted to test which of two antibiotics was more effective at killing a certain type of bacterium. Cultures A and B were treated with antibiotic 1; cultures C and D were treated with antibiotic 2; culture E was not treated with any antibiotic. Based on the results shown in Figure 1-1, what conclusion would you draw about which antibiotic is more effective? Explain. What is the purpose of culture E?
115. Number these steps for doing an experiment in the correct order.
a. Test your hypothesis.
b. Analyze your data.
c. Recognize the problem.
d. Form a hypothesis.
e. Communicate your results.
f. Draw conclusions.
116. How do new scientific discoveries affect our everyday life? Give examples.
117. What are some ways that data can be recorded in a science journal?
118. How could you use two beakers, distilled water, two hot plates, two thermometers, and salt to test if adding salt affects the boiling point of water?
119. Complete the following events chain for doing experimental research.
1. Recognize the _________________.
¯
2. Form a ______________________.
¯
3. Select dependent and independent
___________________
ç
Run multiple trials of experiment
¯
4. Identify _____________________.
¯
5. ___________________ your results.
¯
6. Draw ______________________.
¯
communicate
120. Compare and contrast science and technology.
121. Choose an object that you use every day. Explain how science and technology were applied to its development.
122. Explain how the Internet or its parts could be described as an artifact, a technique, and as a social-technical system.
123. What are the main steps of solving a scientific problem?
124. Discuss two advantages of using the International System of Units, or SI, for measurements in scientific research.
Essay
125. If an experiment tested two variables at the same time, would the findings of the experiment be reliable? Explain.
126. Give two examples of what could cause scientists to change a hypothesis or theory they have formulated.
127. Can you think of any tools or technologies that might have developed from people’s observations of natural phenomena?
128. Describe a problem that was solved by development of a new technology and the steps of the solution process.
7th Grade - Chapter 1 ONLINE REVIEW
Answer Section
TRUE/FALSE
1. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 1/1
STA: SC.H.1.3.1 SC.H.1.3.2
2. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.3 SC.H.3.3.7
3. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.1 SC.H.1.3.5 SC.H.1.3.7
4. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 6/3
STA: SC.H.1.3.6 SC.H.3.3.5
5. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.1 SC.H.1.3.3
6. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.3 SC.H.1.3.4 SC.H.1.3.7
7. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 1/1
STA: SC.H.1.3.1 SC.H.1.3.5 SC.H.1.3.7
8. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.4 SC.H.1.3.5
9. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.3
10. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.3
11. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 6/3
STA: SC.H.3.3.6 SC.H.3.3.7
12. ANS: F PTS: 1
13. ANS: F PTS: 1
14. ANS: F PTS: 1
15. ANS: F PTS: 1
16. ANS: T PTS: 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE
17. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.H.1.3.3
18. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.H.1.3.3
19. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.H.1.3.3
20. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.H.1.3.4
21. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.H.1.3.5
22. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.H.1.3.4
23. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.H.1.3.1 SC.H.1.3.2
24. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.H.1.3.2 SC.H.1.3.4
25. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.H.1.3.5
26. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.H.1.3.4
27. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.H.1.3.2
28. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.H.1.3.4
29. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.H.3.3.4
30. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 1/1
STA: SC.H.1.3.1
31. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 5/3
STA: SC.H.3.3.7
32. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
33. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1
STA: SC.H.1.3.4 SC.H.3.3.6
34. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
35. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
36. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
37. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.3
38. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
39. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.5
40. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.5 SC.H.1.3.7
41. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
42. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 5/3
STA: SC.H.3.3.7
43. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
44. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
45. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2
COMPLETION
46. ANS: technology
PTS: 1
47. ANS: hypothesis
PTS: 1
48. ANS: measurement
PTS: 1
49. ANS: control
PTS: 1
50. ANS: random sample
PTS: 1
51. ANS: variable
PTS: 1
52. ANS: science
PTS: 1
53. ANS: data table
PTS: 1
54. ANS: observations and experiments
PTS: 1
55. ANS: several
PTS: 1
56. ANS: Identifying the problem
PTS: 1
57. ANS: technology
PTS: 1
58. ANS: define a problem
PTS: 1
MATCHING
59. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 5/3
STA: SC.H.1.3.3
60. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.5
61. ANS: G PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 6/3
STA: SC.H.3.3.6
62. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2
63. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
64. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.5
65. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 1/1
STA: SC.H.1.3.3
66. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
67. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
68. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
69. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
70. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1
71. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
72. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
73. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
74. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
75. ANS: C PTS: 1
76. ANS: D PTS: 1
77. ANS: E PTS: 1
78. ANS: L PTS: 1
79. ANS: I PTS: 1
80. ANS: J PTS: 1
81. ANS: K PTS: 1
82. ANS: A PTS: 1
83. ANS: B PTS: 1
84. ANS: G PTS: 1
85. ANS: D PTS: 1
86. ANS: E PTS: 1
87. ANS: E PTS: 1
88. ANS: B PTS: 1
89. ANS: A PTS: 1
SHORT ANSWER
90. ANS:
Following the same general steps when designing and conducting experiments helps to form a universal language and method for all scientists around the world to follow. This will help when scientists need to repeat experiments and use data from other scientists’ experiments to conduct their own studies.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.H.1.3.4 SC.H.1.3.6
91. ANS:
Part A Scientific investigations should have only one independent variable so that any data can be attributed to that independent variable. With two variables, it would be difficult to explain the results of the experiment. One variable makes it easy to analyze the data and communicate the results.
Part B Dana’s lab partner would follow the detailed written plan of her experiment. This type of plan allows for other scientists to verify a researcher’s results by repeating the experiment themselves.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's III STA: SC.H.1.3.5
92. ANS:
Answers may include: it gives scientists a common language; multiplying and dividing by 10 makes calculations easy to use; prefixes used with units change them to larger or smaller units.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.H.1.3.4
93. ANS:
Answers may include: the data will be organized from the start; you will save time by not having to rewrite the data in a table; you will know that you have all the data you need to accurately analyze the results of the experiment.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/2 STA: SC.H.1.3.4
94. ANS:
written reports and verbal presentations
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.H.3.3.6
95. ANS:
Answers may include: movies on large screens; movies on TV; videotaped movies; DVD movies on computer monitors.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 5/3 STA: SC.H.3.3.7
96. ANS:
They may use cellular phones and computers to contact other scientists.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 6/3 STA: SC.H.3.3.7
97. ANS:
Both have a problem to solve; both look for clues that they use to solve that problem.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 1/1 STA: SC.H.1.3.2 SC.H.1.3.3
98. ANS:
Prior knowledge is used to make predictions about the results of an experiment. These predictions can be stated as the hypothesis.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 1/1
99. ANS:
Answers may include: information about finding useful resources (books, magazines, etc.) can be found; internet links or web pages can be found; data can be analyzed; data can be displayed in graphics.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 2/1 STA: SC.H.3.3.7
100. ANS:
Answers may include: observation, classification, interpretation of data, making measurements, comparing and contrasting.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 2/1 STA: SC.H.1.3.4
101. ANS:
Answers may include: descriptions of their observations, mathematical measurements or formulas, step-by-step descriptions of procedures, listings of materials, drawings of equipment setups, specific results (data), questions that come up during experiments, problems that occur and possible solutions, other observations, etc.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 2/1 STA: SC.H.1.3.3 SC.H.1.3.4
102. ANS:
recognize the problem, form a hypothesis, test your hypothesis, analyze the data, draw conclusions
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.H.1.3.4
103. ANS:
They might break the problem into smaller problems and decide which of those needs to be solved first. Different scientists might work on different aspects of a problem.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.H.1.3.3
104. ANS:
Answers may include: a map to locate the source of a cholera epidemic; a map of the spread of the spruce beetle; three-dimensional models of microscopic bacterium or a huge asteroid; design safer airplanes or buildings; testing ideas that would be too expensive to test other ways.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.H.3.3.7
105. ANS:
Answers may include: prior knowledge; science literature at the library; World Wide Web; computer disks or CDs.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.H.1.3.4 SC.H.1.3.5
106. ANS:
Answers may include: use a control; limit the number of variables being tested; conduct enough trials to get sufficient data; use proper materials and tools; eliminate bias; prepare good data tables.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/2 STA: SC.H.1.3.4 SC.H.1.3.5
107. ANS:
time, cost, availability of materials, amount of space to set up trials
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/2
108. ANS:
different interpretations of verbal descriptors—to avoid this use numerical measurements; biased samples—use random samples
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/2 STA: SC.H.1.3.4
109. ANS:
Yes, it is just as important to learn that your hypothesis was incorrect as it is to learn that your hypothesis was correct. [There is also the possibility that even though the hypothesis was not supported in one experiment, it might still be correct. This is not actually stated in the text, but it is implied in the discussion of multiple trials and reliability.]
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.H.1.3.2 SC.H.1.3.7
110. ANS:
Answers may include: satellite tracking systems in cars; instruments that doctors can use to operate on unborn children; skin patch to release medicine into a person's system.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 5/3 STA: SC.H.3.3.7
111. ANS:
No. Discoveries can be made by almost anyone—young or old, people pursuing a hobby, people of different sexes, races, cultures, etc.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 6/3 STA: SC.H.1.3.6 SC.H.3.3.5
112. ANS:
New information can show that the old way of thinking or doing things is incorrect. For example, new discoveries may not fit in a current classification scheme. New models or new methods for doing things can be created to fit the current information. These new ways are also subject to change based on possible future discoveries.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 5/3 STA: SC.H.1.3.1 SC.H.1.3.2
113. ANS:
Scientific information can be good or harmful, moral or immoral. People must decide if the information is used to help or harm people. Science cannot make that decision.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's III OBJ: 5/3 STA: SC.H.3.3.4
114. ANS:
Antibiotic 2 is more effective (fewer bacteria were still alive at the end of the experiment in Figure 1-1). Culture E serves as a control.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.H.1.3.3 SC.H.1.3.4
115. ANS:
c, d, a, b, f, e
PTS: 1
116. ANS:
New discoveries lead to new products that people can use every day. Examples of new products include movies, videotapes, DVDs, medicines, and satellite tracking systems.
PTS: 1
117. ANS:
Data may be recorded or summarized in the form of tables, charts, graphs, or written text.
PTS: 1
118. ANS:
You could place equal amounts of water and one thermometer in each beaker. Then place one beaker on each hot plate. Add salt to only one beaker. Heat both beakers until the water boils, then check the temperature for the boiling point of each. Compare the boiling point of the water alone to that of the water with salt added. Repeat with several trials to verify results.
PTS: 1
119. ANS:
1. problem
2. hypothesis
3. variables
4. controls
5. analyze
6. conclusions
PTS: 1
120. ANS:
Science is a way or process to investigate what is happening around us. Technology is the application of science to make products or tools that people can use.
PTS: 1
121. ANS:
Answers will vary depending on object, but should include defining its need, a scientific discovery on which the object is based, and how it was made into a product.
PTS: 1
122. ANS:
As an artifact, each of the individual components (computer, modem, transmission lines) are all hardware technology. As a technique, it is a new means of communication. As a social-technical system, it has changed how people interact with each other.
PTS: 1
123. ANS:
Define the problem, search for solutions, engineering production, test the model, produce the product.
PTS: 1
124. ANS:
It allows scientists from all over the world to understand each other’s work. And, since the units are based on units of ten, multiplication and division are easy to do.
PTS: 1
ESSAY
125. ANS:
No, because it would be impossible to tell which variable had caused the effect observed. Only one variable at a time can be changed.
PTS: 1
126. ANS:
Answers will vary: An experiment might call the hypothesis into question, or new information might be learned.
PTS: 1
127. ANS:
Answers will vary. May include: medicines, maps, thermometers, telescopes; microscopes. Accept all reasonable answers.
PTS: 1
128. ANS:
Answers will vary depending on the problem described, but should include: a definition of the problem, a proposed solution, how the concept was tested, and final product.
PTS: 1
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____ 1. Science has been used throughout history to answer questions about the world.
____ 2. Using a computer graphic is the only effective way to display the data from an experiment.
____ 3. If the results of your experiment do not support your hypothesis, it means that your hypothesis was wrong.
____ 4. Scientific discoveries have been made by people of different races, sexes, cultures, and time periods.
____ 5. There is usually only one correct method that can be used to solve a problem.
____ 6. The number of trials conducted is the same in every experiment.
____ 7. If the results of experiments do not support a prediction, scientists change their predictions.
____ 8. Because the quality of the solution to a problem depends on how well the entire project is carried out, planning is a very important step in science.
____ 9. Although a model was useful for locating the source of an 1871 cholera epidemic, models are rarely useful to scientists trying to solve other problems.
____ 10. Good experiments can only be conducted if you have the latest materials and tools.
____ 11. Modern electronic communications allow people throughout the world to learn quickly about new discoveries.
____ 12. A hypothesis is a statement of fact.
____ 13. Scientific discoveries are made only by professional scientists.
____ 14. Scientific discoveries influence only areas related to our health.
____ 15. Any information gathered from the Internet can be assumed to be accurate.
____ 16. The more trials you can run in an experiment, the more reliable the results.
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 17. What is the name for the steps scientists go through to solve problems?
a.
drawing conclusions
b.
forming a hypothesis
c.
research design
d.
scientific method
____ 18. Rita wants to study the history of her town. What type of research will she have to do?
a.
descriptive research
b.
experimental research
c.
research design
d.
variable research
____ 19. Why is a microscope considered technology?
a.
It uses electricity and has lenses.
b.
It uses a technique that helps solve a problem.
c.
Some people use it every day.
d.
It enables people to see details inside cells.
____ 20. How might a scientist show bias in an experiment?
a.
by asking others to verify the data
b.
by choosing a random sample by computer
c.
by drawing conclusions without analyzing data
d.
by using multiple trials to confirm data
____ 21. Mike is testing the effects of friction on a toy car going down a ramp. He runs one trial with sandpaper on the ramp and another trial with cloth on the ramp. What else does he need in his experiment?
a.
a control group
b.
a longer ramp
c.
an independent variable
d.
a technology
____ 22. Margo recorded data for her experiment on a line graph.
What conclusions can she draw from her data?
a.
Growth declined steadily each week.
b.
Growth increased steadily each week.
c.
A growth pattern cannot be determined.
d.
Growth will probably stop soon.
____ 23. What happens after a technological design process is tested successfully?
a.
Design flaws are identified.
b.
The new process is tested with the public.
c.
The constraints are listed.
d.
A pilot plant can be built.
____ 24. Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific method?
a.
analyze your data
b.
communicate your results
c.
find your biases
d.
test your hypothesis
____ 25. Mike is conducting an experiment to see if his dog will eat a new brand of dog food. He will replace the dog’s old food with the new brand. Identify the dependent variable in this experiment.
a.
the amount of food
b.
the place the food is left
c.
the type of food
d.
whether the dog eats
____ 26. Why is it important for scientists to present their findings to the public?
a.
The public has to understand every scientific finding.
b.
Scientific data can benefit society in different ways.
c.
The scientist might be able to get the data published.
d.
The scientist needs credit for his or her findings.
____ 27. What is the best way to predict when the next full moon will occur?
a.
Collect data about the time of the sunset each day.
b.
Design an engineering experiment.
c.
Draw your own conclusion.
d.
Make a model of the solar system.
____ 28. Clara is conducting an experiment to find out the number of times her lab mice received a reward for finishing a task. She is using a tally chart to keep track of each mouse and the number of rewards each receives.
What is the best type of graph for her to use to analyze her data?
a.
bar graph
b.
line graph
c.
pictograph
d.
pie graph
____ 29. How does engineering meet human needs?
a.
It uses newly designed products.
b.
It solves problems.
c.
It uses technology.
d.
It uses science.
____ 30. Scientists use prior experience to ____.
a.
collect data
b.
make predictions about what will happen under certain circumstances
c.
analyze their data
d.
serve as a control in their experiments
____ 31. One example of technology that is commonly used by scientists is ____.
a.
computers
c.
variables
b.
hypotheses
d.
observations
____ 32. Examples of the skills used in science include ____ and ____.
a.
cholera , E. coli outbreaks
c.
facts , inferences
b.
clues , detectives
d.
observations , measurements
____ 33. After scientists analyze the results of their experiments, they ____.
a.
form hypotheses
b.
include a control
c.
communicate those results to other people
d.
choose the variables they want to test
____ 34. Which of the following steps to solve a problem must be completed first?
a.
analyzing data
c.
forming a hypothesis
b.
recognizing and identifying the problem
d.
testing a hypothesis
____ 35. Which of the following steps to solve a problem is completed last?
a.
analyzing data
c.
drawing conclusions
b.
recognizing and identifying the problem
d.
testing a hypothesis
____ 36. Listing what is known about a problem and possible ways to solve the problem are parts of ____.
a.
making a plan
c.
testing a hypothesis
b.
drawing conclusions
d.
eliminating bias
____ 37. ____ can save time and money by testing ideas that would otherwise be difficult to test quickly or easily.
a.
Biases
c.
Models
b.
Conclusions
d.
Variables
____ 38. A prediction or statement that can be tested is ____.
a.
a conclusion
c.
a control
b.
an observation
d.
a hypothesis
____ 39. A factor in an experiment that can change is ____.
a.
an observation
c.
a control
b.
a variable
d.
a hypothesis
____ 40. A sample that is treated exactly like the other experimental groups except that the variable is not applied to it is a(n) ____.
a.
observation
c.
control
b.
variable
d.
hypothesis
____ 41. Scientists conduct multiple trials of their experiments because ____.
a.
their results are more likely to be reliable
b.
it costs less to run more trials than fewer trials
c.
unusual occurrences are likely to be repeated every time
d.
experiments always have the same results
____ 42. One tool that can be used to display your data is a ____.
a.
balance
c.
microscope
b.
spring scale
d.
computer
____ 43. One way to reduce bias in an experiment is to ____.
a.
ask only girls a question about a school topic
b.
take numerical measurements of the results
c.
use descriptive phrases as your data
d.
make sure that the results come out the way you want them
____ 44. A good way to organize and record your results and observations is ____.
a.
in a data table
b.
by using a calculator
c.
with a balance or spring scale
d.
by having a hypothesis before you begin your experiment
____ 45. Which of the following units is part of the International System of Units, or SI?
a.
pounds
c.
meters
b.
ounces
d.
inches
Completion
Complete each statement.
46. use of knowledge to make products or tools ____________________
47. a prediction or statement that can be tested tools ____________________
48. SI is used for this purpose ____________________
49. sample treated like other experimental groups except no variable is used ____________________
50. sample taken without bias ____________________
51. a factor in an experiment that can change ____________________
52. a way or a process to investigate what is happening around us ____________________
53. way to organize and record results and observations ____________________
Correctly complete each sentence by choosing the best choice in parentheses.
54. Scientists use ______________________________ (observations, experiments, observations and experiments) to find answers to questions.
55. In today’s society, there is/are usually ____________________ (only one, a pair of, several) scientist[s] working on a problem at one time.
56. _________________________ (Making a detailed plan, Making a model, Identifying the problem) is the first step a scientist would take to solve a problem.
57. New artifacts, new techniques, and new social-technical systems are types of ____________________ (scientific discovery, technology, engineering advances).
58. The first step in finding a scientific solution to a problem or human need is ____________________ (make a discovery, define a problem, test a model).
Matching
Match each term with its description below.
a.
hypothesis
e.
science
b.
variable
f.
technology
c.
control
g.
globalization
d.
SI
____ 59. use of knowledge to make products or tools that people can use
____ 60. a sample that is treated exactly like the other experimental groups except that the variable is not applied to it
____ 61. worldwide distribution
____ 62. a system of units used by scientists that is based on units of ten
____ 63. a prediction or statement that can be tested
____ 64. a factor in an experiment that can change
____ 65. a process used to solve a problem
Match a or b to each term below.
a.
general skill used in science
b.
specific step scientists follow to solve problems
____ 66. observing
____ 67. analyzing data
____ 68. forming a hypothesis
____ 69. comparing and contrasting
____ 70. classifying
____ 71. drawing conclusions
____ 72. recognizing the problem
____ 73. testing a hypothesis
____ 74. measuring
Match the description with the correct term. Some items may not be used.
a.
model
g.
control
b.
random
h.
scientist
c.
data table
i.
hypothesis
d.
trial
j.
bias
e.
technology
k.
variable
f.
science log
l.
science
____ 75. a way to record results and observations accurately
____ 76. a single run of an experiment
____ 77. the application of science to make products or tools
____ 78. a way or a process to investigate what is happening around us
____ 79. a prediction or statement that can be tested
____ 80. a slanted view
____ 81. a factor that can change in an experiment
____ 82. used to represent things that happen too slowly or quickly t observe directly
____ 83. a type of sample taken without bias
____ 84. sample treated like other experimental groups except no viable is used
Match the following SI units with what they measure.
a.
temperature
d.
length
b.
liquid volume
e.
mass
c.
area
____ 85. meter
____ 86. gram
____ 87. tonne
____ 88. liter
____ 89. degrees Celsius
Short Answer
90.
Why is it important for all scientists to follow the same general steps when doing scientific investigations?
91.
Dana writes a detailed plan for a scientific investigation. First she shows her plan to her lab partner. He advises that she should use only one independent variable instead of two. She then rewrites her plan to incorporate his comments, and she conducts the experiment.
Part A Why do you think Dana’s lab partner advises against two independent variables in her experiment?
Part B If Dana’s lab partner wants to repeat the experiment, how would he do so?
92.
Give at least two reasons why scientists use the International System of Units (SI).
93.
List at least two reasons for designing your data tables before beginning your experiment.
94.
What are two ways that scientists communicate their results to other people?
95.
List three examples of how technology has made entertainment more accessible to people over the last one hundred years.
96.
Describe how scientists around the world use technology to discuss their results.
97.
How is the work of scientists similar to the work of detectives?
98.
Describe how prior knowledge may be used by scientists.
99.
List three ways that computers can be used in research.
100.
List at least four skills that scientists commonly use.
101.
List at least four types of information that scientists might include in a journal.
102.
Sequence the following steps: test your hypothesis, draw conclusions, recognize the problem, analyze the data, form a hypothesis.
103.
How might scientists go about trying to solve a large, complicated problem?
104.
Give an example of how scientists might use a computer model.
105.
List at least two possible sources of information that you could use to form a hypothesis.
106.
List at least three things you should be careful to do when designing an experiment.
107.
What are at least two factors that might influence the decision about how many trials of an experiment to conduct?
108.
State at least one possible source of bias in an experiment and describe how you can reduce it.
109.
If the results of your experiment do not support your hypothesis, have you still learned something important? Explain.
110.
Besides advances in the entertainment industry, give an example of how technology could make a difference in your everyday life.
111.
Are all scientific discoveries made by professional scientists? Explain.
112.
Describe how new scientific knowledge can challenge old ways of thinking or doing things.
113.
Is all scientific information good? Can some information be harmful? Can science make these decisions?
Figure 1-1
114.
An experiment was conducted to test which of two antibiotics was more effective at killing a certain type of bacterium. Cultures A and B were treated with antibiotic 1; cultures C and D were treated with antibiotic 2; culture E was not treated with any antibiotic. Based on the results shown in Figure 1-1, what conclusion would you draw about which antibiotic is more effective? Explain. What is the purpose of culture E?
115. Number these steps for doing an experiment in the correct order.
a. Test your hypothesis.
b. Analyze your data.
c. Recognize the problem.
d. Form a hypothesis.
e. Communicate your results.
f. Draw conclusions.
116. How do new scientific discoveries affect our everyday life? Give examples.
117. What are some ways that data can be recorded in a science journal?
118. How could you use two beakers, distilled water, two hot plates, two thermometers, and salt to test if adding salt affects the boiling point of water?
119. Complete the following events chain for doing experimental research.
1. Recognize the _________________.
¯
2. Form a ______________________.
¯
3. Select dependent and independent
___________________
ç
Run multiple trials of experiment
¯
4. Identify _____________________.
¯
5. ___________________ your results.
¯
6. Draw ______________________.
¯
communicate
120. Compare and contrast science and technology.
121. Choose an object that you use every day. Explain how science and technology were applied to its development.
122. Explain how the Internet or its parts could be described as an artifact, a technique, and as a social-technical system.
123. What are the main steps of solving a scientific problem?
124. Discuss two advantages of using the International System of Units, or SI, for measurements in scientific research.
Essay
125. If an experiment tested two variables at the same time, would the findings of the experiment be reliable? Explain.
126. Give two examples of what could cause scientists to change a hypothesis or theory they have formulated.
127. Can you think of any tools or technologies that might have developed from people’s observations of natural phenomena?
128. Describe a problem that was solved by development of a new technology and the steps of the solution process.
7th Grade - Chapter 1 ONLINE REVIEW
Answer Section
TRUE/FALSE
1. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 1/1
STA: SC.H.1.3.1 SC.H.1.3.2
2. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.3 SC.H.3.3.7
3. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.1 SC.H.1.3.5 SC.H.1.3.7
4. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 6/3
STA: SC.H.1.3.6 SC.H.3.3.5
5. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.1 SC.H.1.3.3
6. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.3 SC.H.1.3.4 SC.H.1.3.7
7. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 1/1
STA: SC.H.1.3.1 SC.H.1.3.5 SC.H.1.3.7
8. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.4 SC.H.1.3.5
9. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.3
10. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.3
11. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 6/3
STA: SC.H.3.3.6 SC.H.3.3.7
12. ANS: F PTS: 1
13. ANS: F PTS: 1
14. ANS: F PTS: 1
15. ANS: F PTS: 1
16. ANS: T PTS: 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE
17. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.H.1.3.3
18. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.H.1.3.3
19. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.H.1.3.3
20. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.H.1.3.4
21. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.H.1.3.5
22. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.H.1.3.4
23. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.H.1.3.1 SC.H.1.3.2
24. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.H.1.3.2 SC.H.1.3.4
25. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.H.1.3.5
26. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.H.1.3.4
27. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.H.1.3.2
28. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.H.1.3.4
29. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.H.3.3.4
30. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 1/1
STA: SC.H.1.3.1
31. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 5/3
STA: SC.H.3.3.7
32. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
33. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1
STA: SC.H.1.3.4 SC.H.3.3.6
34. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
35. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
36. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
37. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.3
38. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
39. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.5
40. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.5 SC.H.1.3.7
41. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
42. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 5/3
STA: SC.H.3.3.7
43. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
44. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
45. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2
COMPLETION
46. ANS: technology
PTS: 1
47. ANS: hypothesis
PTS: 1
48. ANS: measurement
PTS: 1
49. ANS: control
PTS: 1
50. ANS: random sample
PTS: 1
51. ANS: variable
PTS: 1
52. ANS: science
PTS: 1
53. ANS: data table
PTS: 1
54. ANS: observations and experiments
PTS: 1
55. ANS: several
PTS: 1
56. ANS: Identifying the problem
PTS: 1
57. ANS: technology
PTS: 1
58. ANS: define a problem
PTS: 1
MATCHING
59. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 5/3
STA: SC.H.1.3.3
60. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.5
61. ANS: G PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 6/3
STA: SC.H.3.3.6
62. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2
63. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
64. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.5
65. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 1/1
STA: SC.H.1.3.3
66. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
67. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
68. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
69. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
70. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1
71. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
72. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
73. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
74. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1
STA: SC.H.1.3.4
75. ANS: C PTS: 1
76. ANS: D PTS: 1
77. ANS: E PTS: 1
78. ANS: L PTS: 1
79. ANS: I PTS: 1
80. ANS: J PTS: 1
81. ANS: K PTS: 1
82. ANS: A PTS: 1
83. ANS: B PTS: 1
84. ANS: G PTS: 1
85. ANS: D PTS: 1
86. ANS: E PTS: 1
87. ANS: E PTS: 1
88. ANS: B PTS: 1
89. ANS: A PTS: 1
SHORT ANSWER
90. ANS:
Following the same general steps when designing and conducting experiments helps to form a universal language and method for all scientists around the world to follow. This will help when scientists need to repeat experiments and use data from other scientists’ experiments to conduct their own studies.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.H.1.3.4 SC.H.1.3.6
91. ANS:
Part A Scientific investigations should have only one independent variable so that any data can be attributed to that independent variable. With two variables, it would be difficult to explain the results of the experiment. One variable makes it easy to analyze the data and communicate the results.
Part B Dana’s lab partner would follow the detailed written plan of her experiment. This type of plan allows for other scientists to verify a researcher’s results by repeating the experiment themselves.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's III STA: SC.H.1.3.5
92. ANS:
Answers may include: it gives scientists a common language; multiplying and dividing by 10 makes calculations easy to use; prefixes used with units change them to larger or smaller units.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.H.1.3.4
93. ANS:
Answers may include: the data will be organized from the start; you will save time by not having to rewrite the data in a table; you will know that you have all the data you need to accurately analyze the results of the experiment.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/2 STA: SC.H.1.3.4
94. ANS:
written reports and verbal presentations
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.H.3.3.6
95. ANS:
Answers may include: movies on large screens; movies on TV; videotaped movies; DVD movies on computer monitors.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 5/3 STA: SC.H.3.3.7
96. ANS:
They may use cellular phones and computers to contact other scientists.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 6/3 STA: SC.H.3.3.7
97. ANS:
Both have a problem to solve; both look for clues that they use to solve that problem.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 1/1 STA: SC.H.1.3.2 SC.H.1.3.3
98. ANS:
Prior knowledge is used to make predictions about the results of an experiment. These predictions can be stated as the hypothesis.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 1/1
99. ANS:
Answers may include: information about finding useful resources (books, magazines, etc.) can be found; internet links or web pages can be found; data can be analyzed; data can be displayed in graphics.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 2/1 STA: SC.H.3.3.7
100. ANS:
Answers may include: observation, classification, interpretation of data, making measurements, comparing and contrasting.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 2/1 STA: SC.H.1.3.4
101. ANS:
Answers may include: descriptions of their observations, mathematical measurements or formulas, step-by-step descriptions of procedures, listings of materials, drawings of equipment setups, specific results (data), questions that come up during experiments, problems that occur and possible solutions, other observations, etc.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 2/1 STA: SC.H.1.3.3 SC.H.1.3.4
102. ANS:
recognize the problem, form a hypothesis, test your hypothesis, analyze the data, draw conclusions
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.H.1.3.4
103. ANS:
They might break the problem into smaller problems and decide which of those needs to be solved first. Different scientists might work on different aspects of a problem.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.H.1.3.3
104. ANS:
Answers may include: a map to locate the source of a cholera epidemic; a map of the spread of the spruce beetle; three-dimensional models of microscopic bacterium or a huge asteroid; design safer airplanes or buildings; testing ideas that would be too expensive to test other ways.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.H.3.3.7
105. ANS:
Answers may include: prior knowledge; science literature at the library; World Wide Web; computer disks or CDs.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.H.1.3.4 SC.H.1.3.5
106. ANS:
Answers may include: use a control; limit the number of variables being tested; conduct enough trials to get sufficient data; use proper materials and tools; eliminate bias; prepare good data tables.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/2 STA: SC.H.1.3.4 SC.H.1.3.5
107. ANS:
time, cost, availability of materials, amount of space to set up trials
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/2
108. ANS:
different interpretations of verbal descriptors—to avoid this use numerical measurements; biased samples—use random samples
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/2 STA: SC.H.1.3.4
109. ANS:
Yes, it is just as important to learn that your hypothesis was incorrect as it is to learn that your hypothesis was correct. [There is also the possibility that even though the hypothesis was not supported in one experiment, it might still be correct. This is not actually stated in the text, but it is implied in the discussion of multiple trials and reliability.]
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.H.1.3.2 SC.H.1.3.7
110. ANS:
Answers may include: satellite tracking systems in cars; instruments that doctors can use to operate on unborn children; skin patch to release medicine into a person's system.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 5/3 STA: SC.H.3.3.7
111. ANS:
No. Discoveries can be made by almost anyone—young or old, people pursuing a hobby, people of different sexes, races, cultures, etc.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 6/3 STA: SC.H.1.3.6 SC.H.3.3.5
112. ANS:
New information can show that the old way of thinking or doing things is incorrect. For example, new discoveries may not fit in a current classification scheme. New models or new methods for doing things can be created to fit the current information. These new ways are also subject to change based on possible future discoveries.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 5/3 STA: SC.H.1.3.1 SC.H.1.3.2
113. ANS:
Scientific information can be good or harmful, moral or immoral. People must decide if the information is used to help or harm people. Science cannot make that decision.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's III OBJ: 5/3 STA: SC.H.3.3.4
114. ANS:
Antibiotic 2 is more effective (fewer bacteria were still alive at the end of the experiment in Figure 1-1). Culture E serves as a control.
PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.H.1.3.3 SC.H.1.3.4
115. ANS:
c, d, a, b, f, e
PTS: 1
116. ANS:
New discoveries lead to new products that people can use every day. Examples of new products include movies, videotapes, DVDs, medicines, and satellite tracking systems.
PTS: 1
117. ANS:
Data may be recorded or summarized in the form of tables, charts, graphs, or written text.
PTS: 1
118. ANS:
You could place equal amounts of water and one thermometer in each beaker. Then place one beaker on each hot plate. Add salt to only one beaker. Heat both beakers until the water boils, then check the temperature for the boiling point of each. Compare the boiling point of the water alone to that of the water with salt added. Repeat with several trials to verify results.
PTS: 1
119. ANS:
1. problem
2. hypothesis
3. variables
4. controls
5. analyze
6. conclusions
PTS: 1
120. ANS:
Science is a way or process to investigate what is happening around us. Technology is the application of science to make products or tools that people can use.
PTS: 1
121. ANS:
Answers will vary depending on object, but should include defining its need, a scientific discovery on which the object is based, and how it was made into a product.
PTS: 1
122. ANS:
As an artifact, each of the individual components (computer, modem, transmission lines) are all hardware technology. As a technique, it is a new means of communication. As a social-technical system, it has changed how people interact with each other.
PTS: 1
123. ANS:
Define the problem, search for solutions, engineering production, test the model, produce the product.
PTS: 1
124. ANS:
It allows scientists from all over the world to understand each other’s work. And, since the units are based on units of ten, multiplication and division are easy to do.
PTS: 1
ESSAY
125. ANS:
No, because it would be impossible to tell which variable had caused the effect observed. Only one variable at a time can be changed.
PTS: 1
126. ANS:
Answers will vary: An experiment might call the hypothesis into question, or new information might be learned.
PTS: 1
127. ANS:
Answers will vary. May include: medicines, maps, thermometers, telescopes; microscopes. Accept all reasonable answers.
PTS: 1
128. ANS:
Answers will vary depending on the problem described, but should include: a definition of the problem, a proposed solution, how the concept was tested, and final product.
PTS: 1
Monday, December 17, 2007
6th Grade - Chapther 20 Test REVIEW
6th Grade TEST - Chapter20 ONLINE REVIEW
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____ 1. Water waves can move a piece of cork floating on top of the water only in an up and down motion.
____ 2. Mechanical waves can travel in any type of medium.
____ 3. Radio waves are the only type of electromagnetic wave that is a transverse wave.
____ 4. Sound waves are compressional waves.
____ 5. The amplitude of a wave is the distance between a point on one wave and the identical point on the next wave.
____ 6. In general, the more energy a wave has the greater its amplitude.
____ 7. The speed of light depends on the medium it travels through.
____ 8. You can see yourself in a mirror because of the wave property called interference.
____ 9. Refraction occurs when the amplitude of a wave changes as it goes from one medium to another.
____ 10. You can hear sounds around the corner of a door due to the wave property called diffraction.
____ 11. High-pitched sounds have high frequencies, and low-pitched sounds wave low frequencies.
____ 12. Amplitude and frequency may vary in waves, but all waves travel at the same speed.
____ 13. Waves travel in straight lines and therefore cannot bend as they pass through a narrow opening.
____ 14. Mechanical waves transmit matter, while electromagnetic waves transmit energy.
____ 15. When you watch lightning, the light reaches you before the sound of the accompanying thunder because light travels faster than sound.
____ 16. Diffraction causes diamonds and other gems to sparkle.
____ 17. In a mechanical compressional wave, the wave energy causes the matter in the medium to move up and down or back and forth at right angles to the direction the wave travels.
____ 18. A group of molecules that are squeezed together is called a compression.
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 19. What is the best description of a wave?
a.
A wave transfers matter from one place to another.
b.
A wave transfers energy from one place to another.
c.
A wave transfers both energy and matter.
d.
A wave moves matter from one place to another.
____ 20. What kind of wave is created when an up and down motion of a rope produces right angles?
a.
compressional wave
b.
sound wave
c.
tranverse wave
d.
electromagnetic wave
____ 21. What kinds of waves do satellites use to transmit their locations to global positioning systems?
a.
electromagnetic radio waves
b.
infrared waves
c.
ultraviolet waves
d.
visible light waves
____ 22. What is the scientific term used to describe the amount of energy transferred by a wave?
a.
amplitude
b.
compression
c.
frequency
d.
vibration
____ 23. The school band is practicing their scales. As the pitch and frequency of the notes increases, what happens to the wavelength of the notes?
a.
The wavelength increases.
b.
The wavelength decreases then increases.
c.
The wavelength stays the same.
d.
The wavelength decreases.
____ 24. From the information on the chart, what can you conclude about the way sound travels?
a.
Sound waves travel faster as the temperature decreases.
b.
Sound waves travel more slowly through air.
c.
Sound waves travel faster as the temperature increases.
d.
Sound waves travel at a constant speed in all temperatures.
____ 25.
What kind of sound is an echo?
a.
diffraction
b.
reflection
c.
refraction
d.
vibration
____ 26. When the band is practicing in the music room, you can hear the music as it passes through the hallway. What property of sound does this example describe?
a.
amplification
b.
diffraction
c.
refraction
d.
vibration
____ 27. What happens when two waves meet?
a.
They collide and change direction.
b.
They collide and continue moving.
c.
They pass through each other and continue moving.
d.
They crash together and form a tsunami.
____ 28. When two waves overlap, they combine to form a new wave. What is this characteristic called?
a.
crest
b.
diffraction
c.
interference
d.
trough
____ 29. You are giving a presentation in science class about sound. You describe how the noise produced by the motor of a lawn mower hurts your ears.What term would you use to explain the way that you would reduce the noise of the mower?
a.
constructive interference
b.
destructive interference
c.
reflected sound
d.
refracted sound
____ 30. What kind of a wave travels along the coils of a spring?
a.
amplitude
b.
compressional
c.
frequency
d.
transverse
____ 31. The electromagnetic spectrum shows the range of electromagnetic waves. The wavelengths decrease at the bottom of the spectrum and increase at the top. What is the explanation for the range of wavelengths?
a.
Each wavelength is a different distance from the sun.
b.
Each wavelength has a different amplitude of vibration.
c.
Each wavelength has a different level of refraction.
d.
Each wavelength has a different frequency.
____ 32. Which one of the following is NOT an example of a mechanical wave?
a.
sound wave
c.
earthquake wave
b.
water wave
d.
radio wave
____ 33. Which one of the following is NOT an example of an electromagnetic wave?
a.
sound wave
c.
red light
b.
x-rays
d.
gamma rays
____ 34. Which one of the following is NOT an example of a compressional wave?
a.
wave moving through a coiled spring
b.
sound traveling through the air
c.
sound traveling through water
d.
green light traveling through the air
____ 35. Tsunamis have a large amount of energy because of their large ____.
a.
wavelength
c.
frequency
b.
amplitude
d.
diffraction
____ 36. Which one of the following determines the color of a light wave?
a.
amplitude only
c.
wavelength and frequency
b.
wavelength and amplitude
d.
interference patterns
____ 37. A place where molecules are far apart is a ____.
a.
refraction
c.
rarefaction
b.
reflection
d.
compression
____ 38. The speed of sound through air is about ____.
a.
340 m/s
c.
3,000,000 m/s
b.
2,000,000 m/s
d.
3,000,000 m/hour
____ 39. When light bounces off a surface it is called ____.
a.
reflection
c.
diffraction
b.
refraction
d.
interference
____ 40. In which one of the following cases will refraction occur?
a.
light traveling from air to glass
b.
light reflecting off of a mirror
c.
light bending around the corner of a door
d.
green light interfering with blue light
____ 41. Constructive interference occurs when waves meet ____.
a.
crest-to-crest and trough-to-trough
b.
crest-to-trough and crest-to-trough
c.
trough-to-crest and trough-to-crest
d.
crest-to-crest
____ 42. Waves can ____ when they move from one medium to another.
a.
disappear
c.
bend
b.
interfere
d.
split
____ 43. A(n) ____ wave DOES NOT need matter for energy transfer.
a.
electromagnetic
c.
compressional
b.
mechanical
d.
sound
____ 44. In a mechanical ____ wave, matter moves at a right angle to the wave direction.
a.
compressional
c.
light
b.
transverse
d.
electromagnetic
____ 45. The speed of sound in water is ____ the speed of sound in air.
a.
greater than
c.
equal to
b.
less than
d.
not greater than
____ 46. A region of spread-out particles in a compressional wave is called a(n) ____.
a.
compression
c.
interference
b.
rarefaction
d.
medium
____ 47. Waves can combine with each other; this is called ____.
a.
interference
c.
compression
b.
wave addition
d.
rarefaction
____ 48. Wave frequency is the ____ of waves passing a given point per second.
a.
amplitude
c.
speed
b.
wavelength
d.
number
____ 49. In a(n) ____ wave, matter moves back and forth in the same direction as the wave.
a.
compressional
c.
light
b.
transverse
d.
electromagnetic
____ 50. The action of a wave bouncing off a surface is called ____.
a.
rarefaction
c.
reflection
b.
refraction
d.
diffraction
____ 51. Amplitude reflects the amount of ____ in a wave.
a.
energy
c.
rarefaction
b.
compression
d.
speed
____ 52. A(n) ____ is the distance between a point on one wave and the identical point on the next wave.
a.
amplitude
c.
frequency
b.
wavelength
d.
compression
____ 53. The ____ of waves can change when the waves move from one medium to another.
a.
altitude
c.
speed
b.
amplitude
d.
compression
____ 54. A mechanical wave can travel only through ____.
a.
air
c.
matter
b.
water
d.
a vacuum
____ 55. The action of a wave bending around a barrier is called ____.
a.
reflection
c.
refraction
b.
diffraction
d.
rarefaction
____ 56. For significant ____ to occur, the wavelengths should match the size of the opening they are passing through.
a.
reflection
c.
refraction
b.
diffraction
d.
rarefaction
Completion
Complete each statement.
57. Waves are rhythmic disturbances that carry energy through matter or space without transferring ____________________.
58. Since sound is a mechanical wave it needs a ____________________ to travel through.
59. Waves that do not require matter to transfer energy are ____________________ waves.
60. ____________________ waves can be either transverse or compressional.
61. The less dense area of a compressional wave is called a(n) ____________________.
62. In a compressional wave, the amount of compression is like the ____________________ of a transverse wave.
63. The ____________________ is the unit of measure for the frequency of wavelengths per second.
64. Sound travels faster in ____________________ than in liquids.
65. An electromagnetic wave is slowed down if many ____________________ are in the medium.
66. Hertz can be described as ____________________.
67. The echo of a sound wave is due to ____________________ of the sound wave.
68. When light slows down as it passes from air to water it bends toward the ____________________.
69. The change in direction of waves when the wave travels from air to glass is ____________________.
70. Diffraction occurs when waves ____________________ around the edge of a barrier.
71. When two waves interact and their amplitudes cancel out, ____________________ interference has occurred.
72. Waves are ____________________ if they bounce off a surface.
73. Mechanical waves can be transverse or ____________________ waves.
74. The property of waves that allows them to bend around a barrier is ____________________.
75. Waves may bend if they move from one ____________________ to another.
76. Waves do not carry matter, but they do carry ____________________.
77. Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and ____________________ are four characteristics of waves that can change.
78. In visible light, color is an indication of ____________________.
79. The common name for the reflection of sound waves is an ____________________.
80. In a compressional wave, one wavelength is the distance between adjacent compressions or adjacent ____________________.
81. Light waves travel more ____________________ as they enter water.
82. When light is reflected from a rough surface, the reflected light ____________________, producing no image.
83. Waves ____________________ best when their wavelength is similar in size to the opening they are moving through.
Matching
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a.
compressional wave
d.
mechanical wave
b.
electromagnetic wave
e.
transverse wave
c.
interference
____ 84. does not require a medium to travel through
____ 85. light waves and water waves are examples of this
____ 86. interaction of various different waves
____ 87. can be either transverse or compressional
____ 88. sound waves are an example of this
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a.
amplitude
d.
reflection
b.
diffraction
e.
refraction
c.
frequency
____ 89. the pitch of a sound wave
____ 90. why light shines off of a mirror
____ 91. related to the energy of a wave
____ 92. the changing of the speed of a wave
____ 93. the spreading out of waves around a barrier
Match each term with the correct description below.
a.
amplitude
j.
medium
b.
compression
k.
wave speed
c.
compressional wave
l.
rarefaction
d.
diffraction
m.
reflection
e.
electromagnetic wave
n.
refraction
f.
frequency
o.
transverse wave
g.
constructive interference
p.
wave
h.
destructive interference
q.
wavelength
i.
mechanical wave
____ 94. Squeezing a group of particles in a wave
____ 95. A transverse or compressional wave that can travel only through matter
____ 96. The matter through which a wave transfers energy
____ 97. A wave bends around a barrier
____ 98. A mechanical wave in which matter moves at right angles to the wave direction
____ 99. A wave in which matter moves back and forth in the direction the wave is moving
____ 100. A wave that doesn’t require matter to transfer energy
____ 101. A region of spread-out particles in a wave
____ 102. The distance from the crest or trough of a wave to the rest position
____ 103. The action of a wave bouncing off an object
____ 104. The number of waves passing a given point per second
____ 105. The product of wavelength and frequency
____ 106. A combination of waves form a smaller wave
____ 107. A combination of waves form a larger wave
____ 108. A rhythmic disturbance that carries energy
____ 109. A wave bends as it moves from one medium to another
____ 110. The distance between a point on a wave and the identical point on the next wave
Short Answer
111.
Explain how electromagnetic waves emitted by the sun affect you everyday.
112.
A boat in a lake is subjected to passing water waves. Describe the motion of the boat.
113.
Describe why you could not hear someone talk if you were both on the surface of the Moon.
114.
How can light travel from the Sun to Earth through the vacuum of space?
115.
How do your vocal cords produce sounds?
116.
Explain why a bright light differs from a dim light in terms of the amplitudes of each light wave.
117.
An instrument plays a pitch of 266 Hz. Another identical instrument plays a pitch of 400 Hz. How do the wavelength of each of these sound waves compare?
118.
Light that reflects off some surfaces can cause glare. Why don't all surfaces cause glare?
119.
A pencil is placed in a bucket of water. In some views, the pencil in the water will look bent when compared to the pencil above the water. Why is this so?
120.
Why is diffraction of light hard to detect?
121.
Describe how ear protectors help protect against hearing damage.
122. Study the following diagram. Then label the wave using the terms from the list.
amplitude
crest
trough
wavelength
123. Explain how the destructive interference of sound waves can help preserve hearing.
124. If the statement or term identifies a mechanical wave, list its letter under Mechanical Wave. If it identifies an electromagnetic wave, list its letter under Electromagnetic Wave. One or more terms might belong in both categories.
a. radio wave
d. visible light
g. transverse wave
b. sound wave
e. ocean wave
h. tidal wave
c. x rays
f. compressional wave
i. microwave
Mechanical Wave
Electromagnetic Wave
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
125. Compare and contrast transverse waves and compressional waves, and give an example of each type.
126. Calculate the wave speed of a 500-Hz wave with a wavelength of 0.5 m. First write the equation, then solve the problem, showing your work.
127. Assume that you hear a very low but very loud sound. What can you infer about the frequency and the amplitude of the sound waves you hear?
Problem
Figure 16-1
128. In Figure 16-1, what is the wavelength of Wave A?
129. In Figure 16-1, what is the wavelength of Wave B?
130. In Figure 16-1, what is the amplitude of Wave A.
131. In Figure 16-1, what is the amplitude of Wave B?
132. In Figure 16-1, which wave has the greater frequency?
133. In Figure 16-1, which wave has the least amount of energy?
134. When sunlight passes through a piece of glass known as a prism, the sunlight gets separated into the colors of the rainbow. Use the concept of refraction to explain how this occurs.
Essay
135.
Explain the differences and similarities between waves and particles.
Identify and explain what is responsible for each of the following effects.
136. You see a car behind you in the rearview mirror of your car.
137. You see a coin at the bottom of a fountain of water, but when you reach for it, it is in a different place than it appears to be.
138. You are in a cave with light coming in through a narrow crack in the ceiling. You can see a distinct beam of light on the floor, and you can see features of the cave illuminated by dim light.
139. Members of an orchestra tune their instruments before they begin to play. This produces a blast of confusing, disharmonious noise. When they begin to play in unison, the music from each instrument group is clear and loud. Explain these effects in terms of two types of interference.
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____ 1. Water waves can move a piece of cork floating on top of the water only in an up and down motion.
____ 2. Mechanical waves can travel in any type of medium.
____ 3. Radio waves are the only type of electromagnetic wave that is a transverse wave.
____ 4. Sound waves are compressional waves.
____ 5. The amplitude of a wave is the distance between a point on one wave and the identical point on the next wave.
____ 6. In general, the more energy a wave has the greater its amplitude.
____ 7. The speed of light depends on the medium it travels through.
____ 8. You can see yourself in a mirror because of the wave property called interference.
____ 9. Refraction occurs when the amplitude of a wave changes as it goes from one medium to another.
____ 10. You can hear sounds around the corner of a door due to the wave property called diffraction.
____ 11. High-pitched sounds have high frequencies, and low-pitched sounds wave low frequencies.
____ 12. Amplitude and frequency may vary in waves, but all waves travel at the same speed.
____ 13. Waves travel in straight lines and therefore cannot bend as they pass through a narrow opening.
____ 14. Mechanical waves transmit matter, while electromagnetic waves transmit energy.
____ 15. When you watch lightning, the light reaches you before the sound of the accompanying thunder because light travels faster than sound.
____ 16. Diffraction causes diamonds and other gems to sparkle.
____ 17. In a mechanical compressional wave, the wave energy causes the matter in the medium to move up and down or back and forth at right angles to the direction the wave travels.
____ 18. A group of molecules that are squeezed together is called a compression.
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 19. What is the best description of a wave?
a.
A wave transfers matter from one place to another.
b.
A wave transfers energy from one place to another.
c.
A wave transfers both energy and matter.
d.
A wave moves matter from one place to another.
____ 20. What kind of wave is created when an up and down motion of a rope produces right angles?
a.
compressional wave
b.
sound wave
c.
tranverse wave
d.
electromagnetic wave
____ 21. What kinds of waves do satellites use to transmit their locations to global positioning systems?
a.
electromagnetic radio waves
b.
infrared waves
c.
ultraviolet waves
d.
visible light waves
____ 22. What is the scientific term used to describe the amount of energy transferred by a wave?
a.
amplitude
b.
compression
c.
frequency
d.
vibration
____ 23. The school band is practicing their scales. As the pitch and frequency of the notes increases, what happens to the wavelength of the notes?
a.
The wavelength increases.
b.
The wavelength decreases then increases.
c.
The wavelength stays the same.
d.
The wavelength decreases.
____ 24. From the information on the chart, what can you conclude about the way sound travels?
a.
Sound waves travel faster as the temperature decreases.
b.
Sound waves travel more slowly through air.
c.
Sound waves travel faster as the temperature increases.
d.
Sound waves travel at a constant speed in all temperatures.
____ 25.
What kind of sound is an echo?
a.
diffraction
b.
reflection
c.
refraction
d.
vibration
____ 26. When the band is practicing in the music room, you can hear the music as it passes through the hallway. What property of sound does this example describe?
a.
amplification
b.
diffraction
c.
refraction
d.
vibration
____ 27. What happens when two waves meet?
a.
They collide and change direction.
b.
They collide and continue moving.
c.
They pass through each other and continue moving.
d.
They crash together and form a tsunami.
____ 28. When two waves overlap, they combine to form a new wave. What is this characteristic called?
a.
crest
b.
diffraction
c.
interference
d.
trough
____ 29. You are giving a presentation in science class about sound. You describe how the noise produced by the motor of a lawn mower hurts your ears.What term would you use to explain the way that you would reduce the noise of the mower?
a.
constructive interference
b.
destructive interference
c.
reflected sound
d.
refracted sound
____ 30. What kind of a wave travels along the coils of a spring?
a.
amplitude
b.
compressional
c.
frequency
d.
transverse
____ 31. The electromagnetic spectrum shows the range of electromagnetic waves. The wavelengths decrease at the bottom of the spectrum and increase at the top. What is the explanation for the range of wavelengths?
a.
Each wavelength is a different distance from the sun.
b.
Each wavelength has a different amplitude of vibration.
c.
Each wavelength has a different level of refraction.
d.
Each wavelength has a different frequency.
____ 32. Which one of the following is NOT an example of a mechanical wave?
a.
sound wave
c.
earthquake wave
b.
water wave
d.
radio wave
____ 33. Which one of the following is NOT an example of an electromagnetic wave?
a.
sound wave
c.
red light
b.
x-rays
d.
gamma rays
____ 34. Which one of the following is NOT an example of a compressional wave?
a.
wave moving through a coiled spring
b.
sound traveling through the air
c.
sound traveling through water
d.
green light traveling through the air
____ 35. Tsunamis have a large amount of energy because of their large ____.
a.
wavelength
c.
frequency
b.
amplitude
d.
diffraction
____ 36. Which one of the following determines the color of a light wave?
a.
amplitude only
c.
wavelength and frequency
b.
wavelength and amplitude
d.
interference patterns
____ 37. A place where molecules are far apart is a ____.
a.
refraction
c.
rarefaction
b.
reflection
d.
compression
____ 38. The speed of sound through air is about ____.
a.
340 m/s
c.
3,000,000 m/s
b.
2,000,000 m/s
d.
3,000,000 m/hour
____ 39. When light bounces off a surface it is called ____.
a.
reflection
c.
diffraction
b.
refraction
d.
interference
____ 40. In which one of the following cases will refraction occur?
a.
light traveling from air to glass
b.
light reflecting off of a mirror
c.
light bending around the corner of a door
d.
green light interfering with blue light
____ 41. Constructive interference occurs when waves meet ____.
a.
crest-to-crest and trough-to-trough
b.
crest-to-trough and crest-to-trough
c.
trough-to-crest and trough-to-crest
d.
crest-to-crest
____ 42. Waves can ____ when they move from one medium to another.
a.
disappear
c.
bend
b.
interfere
d.
split
____ 43. A(n) ____ wave DOES NOT need matter for energy transfer.
a.
electromagnetic
c.
compressional
b.
mechanical
d.
sound
____ 44. In a mechanical ____ wave, matter moves at a right angle to the wave direction.
a.
compressional
c.
light
b.
transverse
d.
electromagnetic
____ 45. The speed of sound in water is ____ the speed of sound in air.
a.
greater than
c.
equal to
b.
less than
d.
not greater than
____ 46. A region of spread-out particles in a compressional wave is called a(n) ____.
a.
compression
c.
interference
b.
rarefaction
d.
medium
____ 47. Waves can combine with each other; this is called ____.
a.
interference
c.
compression
b.
wave addition
d.
rarefaction
____ 48. Wave frequency is the ____ of waves passing a given point per second.
a.
amplitude
c.
speed
b.
wavelength
d.
number
____ 49. In a(n) ____ wave, matter moves back and forth in the same direction as the wave.
a.
compressional
c.
light
b.
transverse
d.
electromagnetic
____ 50. The action of a wave bouncing off a surface is called ____.
a.
rarefaction
c.
reflection
b.
refraction
d.
diffraction
____ 51. Amplitude reflects the amount of ____ in a wave.
a.
energy
c.
rarefaction
b.
compression
d.
speed
____ 52. A(n) ____ is the distance between a point on one wave and the identical point on the next wave.
a.
amplitude
c.
frequency
b.
wavelength
d.
compression
____ 53. The ____ of waves can change when the waves move from one medium to another.
a.
altitude
c.
speed
b.
amplitude
d.
compression
____ 54. A mechanical wave can travel only through ____.
a.
air
c.
matter
b.
water
d.
a vacuum
____ 55. The action of a wave bending around a barrier is called ____.
a.
reflection
c.
refraction
b.
diffraction
d.
rarefaction
____ 56. For significant ____ to occur, the wavelengths should match the size of the opening they are passing through.
a.
reflection
c.
refraction
b.
diffraction
d.
rarefaction
Completion
Complete each statement.
57. Waves are rhythmic disturbances that carry energy through matter or space without transferring ____________________.
58. Since sound is a mechanical wave it needs a ____________________ to travel through.
59. Waves that do not require matter to transfer energy are ____________________ waves.
60. ____________________ waves can be either transverse or compressional.
61. The less dense area of a compressional wave is called a(n) ____________________.
62. In a compressional wave, the amount of compression is like the ____________________ of a transverse wave.
63. The ____________________ is the unit of measure for the frequency of wavelengths per second.
64. Sound travels faster in ____________________ than in liquids.
65. An electromagnetic wave is slowed down if many ____________________ are in the medium.
66. Hertz can be described as ____________________.
67. The echo of a sound wave is due to ____________________ of the sound wave.
68. When light slows down as it passes from air to water it bends toward the ____________________.
69. The change in direction of waves when the wave travels from air to glass is ____________________.
70. Diffraction occurs when waves ____________________ around the edge of a barrier.
71. When two waves interact and their amplitudes cancel out, ____________________ interference has occurred.
72. Waves are ____________________ if they bounce off a surface.
73. Mechanical waves can be transverse or ____________________ waves.
74. The property of waves that allows them to bend around a barrier is ____________________.
75. Waves may bend if they move from one ____________________ to another.
76. Waves do not carry matter, but they do carry ____________________.
77. Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and ____________________ are four characteristics of waves that can change.
78. In visible light, color is an indication of ____________________.
79. The common name for the reflection of sound waves is an ____________________.
80. In a compressional wave, one wavelength is the distance between adjacent compressions or adjacent ____________________.
81. Light waves travel more ____________________ as they enter water.
82. When light is reflected from a rough surface, the reflected light ____________________, producing no image.
83. Waves ____________________ best when their wavelength is similar in size to the opening they are moving through.
Matching
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a.
compressional wave
d.
mechanical wave
b.
electromagnetic wave
e.
transverse wave
c.
interference
____ 84. does not require a medium to travel through
____ 85. light waves and water waves are examples of this
____ 86. interaction of various different waves
____ 87. can be either transverse or compressional
____ 88. sound waves are an example of this
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a.
amplitude
d.
reflection
b.
diffraction
e.
refraction
c.
frequency
____ 89. the pitch of a sound wave
____ 90. why light shines off of a mirror
____ 91. related to the energy of a wave
____ 92. the changing of the speed of a wave
____ 93. the spreading out of waves around a barrier
Match each term with the correct description below.
a.
amplitude
j.
medium
b.
compression
k.
wave speed
c.
compressional wave
l.
rarefaction
d.
diffraction
m.
reflection
e.
electromagnetic wave
n.
refraction
f.
frequency
o.
transverse wave
g.
constructive interference
p.
wave
h.
destructive interference
q.
wavelength
i.
mechanical wave
____ 94. Squeezing a group of particles in a wave
____ 95. A transverse or compressional wave that can travel only through matter
____ 96. The matter through which a wave transfers energy
____ 97. A wave bends around a barrier
____ 98. A mechanical wave in which matter moves at right angles to the wave direction
____ 99. A wave in which matter moves back and forth in the direction the wave is moving
____ 100. A wave that doesn’t require matter to transfer energy
____ 101. A region of spread-out particles in a wave
____ 102. The distance from the crest or trough of a wave to the rest position
____ 103. The action of a wave bouncing off an object
____ 104. The number of waves passing a given point per second
____ 105. The product of wavelength and frequency
____ 106. A combination of waves form a smaller wave
____ 107. A combination of waves form a larger wave
____ 108. A rhythmic disturbance that carries energy
____ 109. A wave bends as it moves from one medium to another
____ 110. The distance between a point on a wave and the identical point on the next wave
Short Answer
111.
Explain how electromagnetic waves emitted by the sun affect you everyday.
112.
A boat in a lake is subjected to passing water waves. Describe the motion of the boat.
113.
Describe why you could not hear someone talk if you were both on the surface of the Moon.
114.
How can light travel from the Sun to Earth through the vacuum of space?
115.
How do your vocal cords produce sounds?
116.
Explain why a bright light differs from a dim light in terms of the amplitudes of each light wave.
117.
An instrument plays a pitch of 266 Hz. Another identical instrument plays a pitch of 400 Hz. How do the wavelength of each of these sound waves compare?
118.
Light that reflects off some surfaces can cause glare. Why don't all surfaces cause glare?
119.
A pencil is placed in a bucket of water. In some views, the pencil in the water will look bent when compared to the pencil above the water. Why is this so?
120.
Why is diffraction of light hard to detect?
121.
Describe how ear protectors help protect against hearing damage.
122. Study the following diagram. Then label the wave using the terms from the list.
amplitude
crest
trough
wavelength
123. Explain how the destructive interference of sound waves can help preserve hearing.
124. If the statement or term identifies a mechanical wave, list its letter under Mechanical Wave. If it identifies an electromagnetic wave, list its letter under Electromagnetic Wave. One or more terms might belong in both categories.
a. radio wave
d. visible light
g. transverse wave
b. sound wave
e. ocean wave
h. tidal wave
c. x rays
f. compressional wave
i. microwave
Mechanical Wave
Electromagnetic Wave
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
125. Compare and contrast transverse waves and compressional waves, and give an example of each type.
126. Calculate the wave speed of a 500-Hz wave with a wavelength of 0.5 m. First write the equation, then solve the problem, showing your work.
127. Assume that you hear a very low but very loud sound. What can you infer about the frequency and the amplitude of the sound waves you hear?
Problem
Figure 16-1
128. In Figure 16-1, what is the wavelength of Wave A?
129. In Figure 16-1, what is the wavelength of Wave B?
130. In Figure 16-1, what is the amplitude of Wave A.
131. In Figure 16-1, what is the amplitude of Wave B?
132. In Figure 16-1, which wave has the greater frequency?
133. In Figure 16-1, which wave has the least amount of energy?
134. When sunlight passes through a piece of glass known as a prism, the sunlight gets separated into the colors of the rainbow. Use the concept of refraction to explain how this occurs.
Essay
135.
Explain the differences and similarities between waves and particles.
Identify and explain what is responsible for each of the following effects.
136. You see a car behind you in the rearview mirror of your car.
137. You see a coin at the bottom of a fountain of water, but when you reach for it, it is in a different place than it appears to be.
138. You are in a cave with light coming in through a narrow crack in the ceiling. You can see a distinct beam of light on the floor, and you can see features of the cave illuminated by dim light.
139. Members of an orchestra tune their instruments before they begin to play. This produces a blast of confusing, disharmonious noise. When they begin to play in unison, the music from each instrument group is clear and loud. Explain these effects in terms of two types of interference.
7th Grade - Chapter 5 Test Review
7th Grade REVIEW TEST - Chpater 5
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____ 1. When you perform work on an object you increase the energy of the object.
____ 2. A force at any angle to the direction of motion can perform work.
____ 3. Work is measured in joules.
____ 4. All forms of energy can do work.
____ 5. Under certain conditions, it is possible to get more work out of a machine than you put into it.
____ 6. Power is the rate at which a force is applied.
____ 7. The unit of power is the watt.
____ 8. Machines may allow you to do less work over a longer distance.
____ 9. The thread around a screw is a lever.
____ 10. The mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle is the radius of the wheel divided by the radius of the axle.
____ 11. A broom is an example of a wedge.
____ 12. Power and work are interchangeable terms.
____ 13. If you use a ramp that is 6 m long to move an object upward 1 m, then the mechanical advantage of the ramp is 6.
____ 14. You are doing NO work when you hold your 23-kg dog in your arms.
____ 15. You do 1 J of work if you use a force of 1 N for a distance of 1 m.
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 16. Which is NOT an example of a compound machine?
a.
bicycle
b.
can opener
c.
pulley
d.
scissor
____ 17. Jacob is pushing a shopping cart down a supermarket aisle. He is exerting forces in different directions on the shopping cart handle. Which force is doing the work?
a.
downward force
b.
forward force
c.
right angle force
d.
upward force
____ 18. Which response best describes power?
a.
The distance an object is moved.
b.
The force exerted on an object.
c.
The motion of an object.
d.
The rate at which work is done.
____ 19. In which way can a machine NOT make work easier?
a.
changing the amount of force needed
b.
changing the distance over which force is exerted
c.
changing the direction in which force is exerted
d.
changing the work by creating a new force
____ 20. Joey used a knife to cut a piece of bread. What is the work he applied to the knife called?
a.
friction
b.
input force
c.
mechanical advantage
d.
output force
____ 21. Hu made a chart to show the efficiency of three different machines.
Which machine has the highest ratio of output work to input work?
a.
Machine 1
b.
Machine 2
c.
Machine 3
d.
cannot tell
____ 22. Which is an example of a wheel and axle?
a.
baseball bat
b.
doorknob
c.
pulley
d.
screw
____ 23. How are an inclined plane and a wedge alike?
a.
Both have a flat, sloped surface.
b.
Both are compound machines.
c.
Both have the same mechanical advantage.
d.
Both have the same output force.
____ 24. Darren draws a diagram to show the forces exerted on an object. The arrows represent equal forces on the object.
How will the object be affected by the two equal forces?
a.
It will break.
b.
It will change direction.
c.
It will not be affected.
d.
It will not move.
____ 25. Which word best describes the ratio of an output force to an input force?
a.
distance
b.
efficiency
c.
friction
d.
mechanical advantage
____ 26. How does friction affect a machine’s efficiency?
a.
It increases it.
b.
It decreases it.
c.
It keeps it consistent.
d.
It does not affect it.
____ 27. The work equation states that work in joules equals force in newtons times distance in meters. If Sarah carries a box that weighs 35 N a distance of 3 m, how much work did she do?
a.
38 J
b.
70 J
c.
105 J
d.
175 J
____ 28. Tammy is standing still while holding a ten-pound bowling ball. Is she doing work?
a.
Yes, the ball is heavy.
b.
Yes, she is exerting a force on the object.
c.
No, she is not making the object move.
d.
No, she is exerting a force on the ground.
____ 29. Which one of the following is NOT an example of work being done?
a.
the Moon orbiting Earth
b.
pushing a box from the bottom of a hill to the top of the hill
c.
pulling a sled across a field covered with snow
d.
lifting a bookbag off the floor
____ 30. A fixed, single pulley that is used to lift a block does which one of the following?
a.
doubles the force required to lift the block
b.
decreases the force required to lift the block
c.
makes the block easier to lift by changing the direction of the force needed to lift it
d.
decreases the force required and changes the direction of the force required
____ 31. A slanted surface used to raise an object is a(n)____.
a.
efficiency board
c.
inclined plane
b.
effort ramp
d.
wedge
____ 32. A device that does work with only one movement and changes the size or direction of a force is a(n) ____.
a.
compound machine
c.
screw
b.
effort machine
d.
simple machine
____ 33. A bar that is free to pivot about a fixed point is a ____.
a.
fulcrum
c.
ramp
b.
lever
d.
wedge
____ 34. The rate at which work is done is called ____.
a.
efficiency
c.
force
b.
effort time
d.
power
____ 35. The work output of a machine divided by the work input is the ____ of the machine.
a.
efficiency
c.
power
b.
effort
d.
resistance
____ 36. The amount by which a machine multiplies an input force is called the ____.
a.
efficiency factor
c.
mechanical advantage
b.
fulcrum
d.
resistance force
____ 37. An inclined plane with one or two sloping sides forms a machine called a ____.
a.
pulley
c.
ramp
b.
lever
d.
wedge
____ 38. An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder post is a ____.
a.
lever
c.
screw
b.
ramp
d.
wedge
____ 39. A machine that changes only the direction of a force has a mechanical advantage of ____.
a.
1
c.
10
b.
2
d.
100
____ 40. A winding mountain road is an example of a(n) ____.
a.
lever
c.
wedge
b.
inclined plane
d.
wheel and axle
____ 41. When two or more simple machines work together, they are called a(n) ____.
a.
compound machine
c.
screw
b.
effort machine
d.
simple machine
____ 42. A lever with a mechanical advantage greater than 1 is used to ____.
a.
change direction
c.
increase force
b.
increase distance
d.
decrease force
____ 43. Three of the following simple machines are basically the same. The one that does NOT belong with the group is the ____.
a.
lever
c.
wedge
b.
pulley
d.
wheel and axle
____ 44. An object is moving due east. You push the object. Work is being done at all times when you push ____.
a.
due west
c.
straight down
b.
due east
d.
at a 45° angle
____ 45. A ____ is an example of a compound machine.
a.
lawnmower
c.
baseball bat
b.
shovel
d.
wheel and axle
____ 46. The mechanical advantage tells you the number of times a machine increases the ____.
a.
net force
c.
output force
b.
stable force
d.
input force
____ 47. Work is equal to force times ____.
a.
power
c.
joules
b.
distance
d.
energy
____ 48. Power is measured in J per ____.
a.
watt
c.
minute
b.
hour
d.
second
____ 49. In order for work to be done, an object must ____.
a.
have mass
c.
have muscles
b.
move in the direction of the force
d.
move at a right angle to the force
____ 50. Machines let you use less force over a greater ____.
a.
distance
c.
weight
b.
mass
d.
exertion
____ 51. NO work is being done when you ____ a ball.
a.
hit
c.
carry
b.
catch
d.
drop
____ 52. When the Egyptians built the pyramids, they used the idea that a large force over a short distance can be accomplished by the same work as a small force over a ____ distance.
a.
changing
c.
shorter
b.
minimum
d.
long
____ 53. ____ describes the rate at which work is being done.
a.
Joules
c.
Effort force
b.
Power
d.
Efficiency
____ 54. A ____ is NOT a simple machine.
a.
wrench
c.
tooth
b.
shovel
d.
teeter-totter
____ 55. The pivot point of a lever is called a ____.
a.
wedge
c.
fulcrum
b.
screw
d.
wheel and axle
____ 56. Power is expressed in units of ____.
a.
light
c.
joules
b.
watts
d.
surges
____ 57. A(n) ____ is a moving inclined plane.
a.
teeter-totter
c.
elevator
b.
staircase
d.
wedge
Completion
Complete each statement.
58. When force is _________________________ to the direction of motion, no work is done.
59. A joule is equal to one ____________________ times one meter.
60. When you use a crowbar to lift a large rock, you are working against the force called ____________________.
61. Power describes the ____________________ at which work is being done.
62. Unlike a fixed pulley, a movable pulley ____________________ the input force.
63. Doorknobs and faucet handles are examples of a simple machine called a(n) ______________________________.
64. An ideal machine has an efficiency of ____________________.
65. The pivot point of a lever is called the ____________________.
66. A machine made of several simple machines is called a(n) ______________________________.
67. When a machine is used to perform a task, work output is always ____________________ than work input.
Choose the term in parentheses that correctly completes the sentence.
68. A blender is a ____________________ (simple, compound, pulley) machine.
69. The mechanical advantage that makes work easiest is one that is ____________________ (large, small, zero).
70. Holding a watermelon in your hands is an example of ____________________ (work, no work) being done.
71. A goalie stopping a hockey puck is an example of ____________________ (work, no work) being done.
72. Power does NOT depend on ____________________ (work done, muscles, time).
73. As you increase the effort distance, you ____________________ (decrease, increase, stabilize) the effort force needed.
74. The mechanical advantage tells you the number of times a machine ____________________ (increases, decreases, eliminates) the effort force.
75. A ____________________ (shovel, crowbar, potter’s wheel) is NOT an example of a lever.
76. An ideal machine has an efficiency ____________________ (less than one, equal to one, greater than one).
77. ____________________ (Heat, Friction, Work) is NOT a source of energy loss in a machine.
Matching
Match each term with the following questions.
a.
input force
d.
output force
b.
efficiency
e.
compound machine
c.
mechanical advantage
____ 78. ratio of output force to input force
____ 79. force you apply to a simple machine
____ 80. force you overcome when using a simple machine
____ 81. device made of more than one simple machine
____ 82. ability of a machine to convert work input into work output
Match each simple machine with the machines below.
a.
inclined plane
d.
lever
b.
wedge
e.
wheel and axle
c.
screw
____ 83. knife
____ 84. leaf rake
____ 85. wheelchair ramp
____ 86. potter's wheel
____ 87. threaded bolt
Match each item with the correct description below.
a.
simple machine
j.
watt
b.
work
k.
ideal machine
c.
input force
l.
screw
d.
inclined plane
m.
pulley
e.
joule
n.
mechanical advantage
f.
output force
o.
efficiency
g.
power
p.
fulcrum
h.
machine
q.
wheel and axle
i.
friction
r.
wedge
____ 88. a device that makes work easier by changing the size or direction of the applied force
____ 89. SI unit for work
____ 90. causes the output work of a machine to be less than the input work
____ 91. the rate at which work is being done
____ 92. the ratio of the output force to the input force
____ 93. a moving inclined plane
____ 94. has only one movement
____ 95. the unit of measurement of power
____ 96. two rigidly attached wheels that rotate together
____ 97. a sloped surface
____ 98. exertion of a force on an object that produces motion in the direction of the force
____ 99. the force a machine exerts
____ 100. a machine’s ability to convert work input into work output
____ 101. machine with 100% efficiency
____ 102. the pivot point of a lever
____ 103. an inclined plane wrapped around a shaft
____ 104. a grooved wheel that redirects force using a rope
____ 105. the effort force you exert
Short Answer
106.
Explain how a wheel and axle works and give examples of objects that use a wheel and axle.
107.
Sharon wants to know if friction will affect the efficiency of a ramp that she built. She will form a hypothesis and then test it.
Part A Write a hypothesis that Sharon can test.
Part B Write a plan that shows how Sharon can test her hypothesis.
108.
What does work depend on in scientific terms?
109.
You swing a rope in a circle. Are you doing work on the rope? Why or why not?
110.
Which one of the following could be the mechanical advantage of a third-class lever: 0.7, 1.5, 10.5, or 3.0? Explain your answer.
111.
An inventor claims to have built a machine that can produce 120 J of work with an input of 110 J. Would you believe the inventor's claim? Why or why not?
112.
Explain why tin snips, designed for cutting metal, have long handles and short blades.
113.
How are work, time, and power related?
114.
Gears are modified wheel-and-axle machines. Explain how to calculate the mechanical advantage of a pair of gears.
115.
A 700-watt gasoline engine and a 300-watt electric motor both do 3 J of work. Which machine can do the work faster? Explain your answer.
116.
How does low air pressure in bicycle tires reduce the efficiency of a bicycle?
117.
Give one example of a compound machine and list the simple machines that make it up.
118.
Do machines make work easier? Explain your answer.
119.
How does oil reduce friction between two surfaces?
120.
Explain how your teeth work as a wedge.
121.
Explain the transfer of energy during work.
Complete the table below by calculating the missing values. Then answer the following questions.
Situation
Force
Distance
Time
Work
Power
1. A
200 N
50 m
10 s
2. B
100 N
6 m
200 W
3. C
200 N
100 m
10 s
4. D
200 N
10 s
5000 J
122. What are the missing values in line 1?
123. What are the missing values in line 2?
124. What are the missing values in line 3?
125. What are the missing values in line 4?
126. In which situation was the most work done?
127. In which situation was the most power used?
128. How does the work done in situation D compare to that done in situation A?
129. How does the distance in situation D compare to the distance in situation A?
130. What would happen to the power in situation C if the time doubled?
131. Compare and contrast simple and compound machines.
132. Compare and contrast a screw and a wedge.
133. What is the work done in using a force of 200 N to push a box 15 m?
134. What is the power used if it took 2,000 J to move a box in 8 s?
135. What is the mechanical advantage of using a machine if you use an input force of 25 N to overcome an output force of 125 N?
136. If an output force of 50 N is used to move an object a distance of 20 m, what distance must the object be moved if the input force is 10 N, so that work in = work out?
137. What is the efficiency of a machine if the work input is 75 N and the work output is 25 N?
Problem
138.
You use 200 N of force to push a snow shovel 10 m along the ground. How much work was done?
139.
A painter lifts a 3 kg can of paint 3 m above the floor. How much work was done?
140.
How much power is needed to do 1,000 J of work on a box if it takes 50 s to lift it?
141.
How much work is done if 500 W of power is used over 2 min?
142.
Calculate the mechanical advantage of a lever where 5 N of input force is needed to move a 10 N box using that lever.
143.
A carpenter uses a claw hammer to pull a nail from a board. The nail has a resistance of 1,500 N. The carpenter applies a force of 150 N. What is the mechanical advantage of the hammer?
Essay
144. Name the six types of simple machines and give an example of each, or what each might be used to do.
145. Explain why applying force to an object does not always result in work being done.
146. Even though work input should equal work output, explain why, other than on ideal machines, machines have an efficiency less than one.
147. If a machine cannot have more work output than work input, what advantage is there to using one?
148. Compare and contrast fixed pulleys with movable pulleys and pulley systems and discuss their respective mechanical advantages.
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____ 1. When you perform work on an object you increase the energy of the object.
____ 2. A force at any angle to the direction of motion can perform work.
____ 3. Work is measured in joules.
____ 4. All forms of energy can do work.
____ 5. Under certain conditions, it is possible to get more work out of a machine than you put into it.
____ 6. Power is the rate at which a force is applied.
____ 7. The unit of power is the watt.
____ 8. Machines may allow you to do less work over a longer distance.
____ 9. The thread around a screw is a lever.
____ 10. The mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle is the radius of the wheel divided by the radius of the axle.
____ 11. A broom is an example of a wedge.
____ 12. Power and work are interchangeable terms.
____ 13. If you use a ramp that is 6 m long to move an object upward 1 m, then the mechanical advantage of the ramp is 6.
____ 14. You are doing NO work when you hold your 23-kg dog in your arms.
____ 15. You do 1 J of work if you use a force of 1 N for a distance of 1 m.
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 16. Which is NOT an example of a compound machine?
a.
bicycle
b.
can opener
c.
pulley
d.
scissor
____ 17. Jacob is pushing a shopping cart down a supermarket aisle. He is exerting forces in different directions on the shopping cart handle. Which force is doing the work?
a.
downward force
b.
forward force
c.
right angle force
d.
upward force
____ 18. Which response best describes power?
a.
The distance an object is moved.
b.
The force exerted on an object.
c.
The motion of an object.
d.
The rate at which work is done.
____ 19. In which way can a machine NOT make work easier?
a.
changing the amount of force needed
b.
changing the distance over which force is exerted
c.
changing the direction in which force is exerted
d.
changing the work by creating a new force
____ 20. Joey used a knife to cut a piece of bread. What is the work he applied to the knife called?
a.
friction
b.
input force
c.
mechanical advantage
d.
output force
____ 21. Hu made a chart to show the efficiency of three different machines.
Which machine has the highest ratio of output work to input work?
a.
Machine 1
b.
Machine 2
c.
Machine 3
d.
cannot tell
____ 22. Which is an example of a wheel and axle?
a.
baseball bat
b.
doorknob
c.
pulley
d.
screw
____ 23. How are an inclined plane and a wedge alike?
a.
Both have a flat, sloped surface.
b.
Both are compound machines.
c.
Both have the same mechanical advantage.
d.
Both have the same output force.
____ 24. Darren draws a diagram to show the forces exerted on an object. The arrows represent equal forces on the object.
How will the object be affected by the two equal forces?
a.
It will break.
b.
It will change direction.
c.
It will not be affected.
d.
It will not move.
____ 25. Which word best describes the ratio of an output force to an input force?
a.
distance
b.
efficiency
c.
friction
d.
mechanical advantage
____ 26. How does friction affect a machine’s efficiency?
a.
It increases it.
b.
It decreases it.
c.
It keeps it consistent.
d.
It does not affect it.
____ 27. The work equation states that work in joules equals force in newtons times distance in meters. If Sarah carries a box that weighs 35 N a distance of 3 m, how much work did she do?
a.
38 J
b.
70 J
c.
105 J
d.
175 J
____ 28. Tammy is standing still while holding a ten-pound bowling ball. Is she doing work?
a.
Yes, the ball is heavy.
b.
Yes, she is exerting a force on the object.
c.
No, she is not making the object move.
d.
No, she is exerting a force on the ground.
____ 29. Which one of the following is NOT an example of work being done?
a.
the Moon orbiting Earth
b.
pushing a box from the bottom of a hill to the top of the hill
c.
pulling a sled across a field covered with snow
d.
lifting a bookbag off the floor
____ 30. A fixed, single pulley that is used to lift a block does which one of the following?
a.
doubles the force required to lift the block
b.
decreases the force required to lift the block
c.
makes the block easier to lift by changing the direction of the force needed to lift it
d.
decreases the force required and changes the direction of the force required
____ 31. A slanted surface used to raise an object is a(n)____.
a.
efficiency board
c.
inclined plane
b.
effort ramp
d.
wedge
____ 32. A device that does work with only one movement and changes the size or direction of a force is a(n) ____.
a.
compound machine
c.
screw
b.
effort machine
d.
simple machine
____ 33. A bar that is free to pivot about a fixed point is a ____.
a.
fulcrum
c.
ramp
b.
lever
d.
wedge
____ 34. The rate at which work is done is called ____.
a.
efficiency
c.
force
b.
effort time
d.
power
____ 35. The work output of a machine divided by the work input is the ____ of the machine.
a.
efficiency
c.
power
b.
effort
d.
resistance
____ 36. The amount by which a machine multiplies an input force is called the ____.
a.
efficiency factor
c.
mechanical advantage
b.
fulcrum
d.
resistance force
____ 37. An inclined plane with one or two sloping sides forms a machine called a ____.
a.
pulley
c.
ramp
b.
lever
d.
wedge
____ 38. An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder post is a ____.
a.
lever
c.
screw
b.
ramp
d.
wedge
____ 39. A machine that changes only the direction of a force has a mechanical advantage of ____.
a.
1
c.
10
b.
2
d.
100
____ 40. A winding mountain road is an example of a(n) ____.
a.
lever
c.
wedge
b.
inclined plane
d.
wheel and axle
____ 41. When two or more simple machines work together, they are called a(n) ____.
a.
compound machine
c.
screw
b.
effort machine
d.
simple machine
____ 42. A lever with a mechanical advantage greater than 1 is used to ____.
a.
change direction
c.
increase force
b.
increase distance
d.
decrease force
____ 43. Three of the following simple machines are basically the same. The one that does NOT belong with the group is the ____.
a.
lever
c.
wedge
b.
pulley
d.
wheel and axle
____ 44. An object is moving due east. You push the object. Work is being done at all times when you push ____.
a.
due west
c.
straight down
b.
due east
d.
at a 45° angle
____ 45. A ____ is an example of a compound machine.
a.
lawnmower
c.
baseball bat
b.
shovel
d.
wheel and axle
____ 46. The mechanical advantage tells you the number of times a machine increases the ____.
a.
net force
c.
output force
b.
stable force
d.
input force
____ 47. Work is equal to force times ____.
a.
power
c.
joules
b.
distance
d.
energy
____ 48. Power is measured in J per ____.
a.
watt
c.
minute
b.
hour
d.
second
____ 49. In order for work to be done, an object must ____.
a.
have mass
c.
have muscles
b.
move in the direction of the force
d.
move at a right angle to the force
____ 50. Machines let you use less force over a greater ____.
a.
distance
c.
weight
b.
mass
d.
exertion
____ 51. NO work is being done when you ____ a ball.
a.
hit
c.
carry
b.
catch
d.
drop
____ 52. When the Egyptians built the pyramids, they used the idea that a large force over a short distance can be accomplished by the same work as a small force over a ____ distance.
a.
changing
c.
shorter
b.
minimum
d.
long
____ 53. ____ describes the rate at which work is being done.
a.
Joules
c.
Effort force
b.
Power
d.
Efficiency
____ 54. A ____ is NOT a simple machine.
a.
wrench
c.
tooth
b.
shovel
d.
teeter-totter
____ 55. The pivot point of a lever is called a ____.
a.
wedge
c.
fulcrum
b.
screw
d.
wheel and axle
____ 56. Power is expressed in units of ____.
a.
light
c.
joules
b.
watts
d.
surges
____ 57. A(n) ____ is a moving inclined plane.
a.
teeter-totter
c.
elevator
b.
staircase
d.
wedge
Completion
Complete each statement.
58. When force is _________________________ to the direction of motion, no work is done.
59. A joule is equal to one ____________________ times one meter.
60. When you use a crowbar to lift a large rock, you are working against the force called ____________________.
61. Power describes the ____________________ at which work is being done.
62. Unlike a fixed pulley, a movable pulley ____________________ the input force.
63. Doorknobs and faucet handles are examples of a simple machine called a(n) ______________________________.
64. An ideal machine has an efficiency of ____________________.
65. The pivot point of a lever is called the ____________________.
66. A machine made of several simple machines is called a(n) ______________________________.
67. When a machine is used to perform a task, work output is always ____________________ than work input.
Choose the term in parentheses that correctly completes the sentence.
68. A blender is a ____________________ (simple, compound, pulley) machine.
69. The mechanical advantage that makes work easiest is one that is ____________________ (large, small, zero).
70. Holding a watermelon in your hands is an example of ____________________ (work, no work) being done.
71. A goalie stopping a hockey puck is an example of ____________________ (work, no work) being done.
72. Power does NOT depend on ____________________ (work done, muscles, time).
73. As you increase the effort distance, you ____________________ (decrease, increase, stabilize) the effort force needed.
74. The mechanical advantage tells you the number of times a machine ____________________ (increases, decreases, eliminates) the effort force.
75. A ____________________ (shovel, crowbar, potter’s wheel) is NOT an example of a lever.
76. An ideal machine has an efficiency ____________________ (less than one, equal to one, greater than one).
77. ____________________ (Heat, Friction, Work) is NOT a source of energy loss in a machine.
Matching
Match each term with the following questions.
a.
input force
d.
output force
b.
efficiency
e.
compound machine
c.
mechanical advantage
____ 78. ratio of output force to input force
____ 79. force you apply to a simple machine
____ 80. force you overcome when using a simple machine
____ 81. device made of more than one simple machine
____ 82. ability of a machine to convert work input into work output
Match each simple machine with the machines below.
a.
inclined plane
d.
lever
b.
wedge
e.
wheel and axle
c.
screw
____ 83. knife
____ 84. leaf rake
____ 85. wheelchair ramp
____ 86. potter's wheel
____ 87. threaded bolt
Match each item with the correct description below.
a.
simple machine
j.
watt
b.
work
k.
ideal machine
c.
input force
l.
screw
d.
inclined plane
m.
pulley
e.
joule
n.
mechanical advantage
f.
output force
o.
efficiency
g.
power
p.
fulcrum
h.
machine
q.
wheel and axle
i.
friction
r.
wedge
____ 88. a device that makes work easier by changing the size or direction of the applied force
____ 89. SI unit for work
____ 90. causes the output work of a machine to be less than the input work
____ 91. the rate at which work is being done
____ 92. the ratio of the output force to the input force
____ 93. a moving inclined plane
____ 94. has only one movement
____ 95. the unit of measurement of power
____ 96. two rigidly attached wheels that rotate together
____ 97. a sloped surface
____ 98. exertion of a force on an object that produces motion in the direction of the force
____ 99. the force a machine exerts
____ 100. a machine’s ability to convert work input into work output
____ 101. machine with 100% efficiency
____ 102. the pivot point of a lever
____ 103. an inclined plane wrapped around a shaft
____ 104. a grooved wheel that redirects force using a rope
____ 105. the effort force you exert
Short Answer
106.
Explain how a wheel and axle works and give examples of objects that use a wheel and axle.
107.
Sharon wants to know if friction will affect the efficiency of a ramp that she built. She will form a hypothesis and then test it.
Part A Write a hypothesis that Sharon can test.
Part B Write a plan that shows how Sharon can test her hypothesis.
108.
What does work depend on in scientific terms?
109.
You swing a rope in a circle. Are you doing work on the rope? Why or why not?
110.
Which one of the following could be the mechanical advantage of a third-class lever: 0.7, 1.5, 10.5, or 3.0? Explain your answer.
111.
An inventor claims to have built a machine that can produce 120 J of work with an input of 110 J. Would you believe the inventor's claim? Why or why not?
112.
Explain why tin snips, designed for cutting metal, have long handles and short blades.
113.
How are work, time, and power related?
114.
Gears are modified wheel-and-axle machines. Explain how to calculate the mechanical advantage of a pair of gears.
115.
A 700-watt gasoline engine and a 300-watt electric motor both do 3 J of work. Which machine can do the work faster? Explain your answer.
116.
How does low air pressure in bicycle tires reduce the efficiency of a bicycle?
117.
Give one example of a compound machine and list the simple machines that make it up.
118.
Do machines make work easier? Explain your answer.
119.
How does oil reduce friction between two surfaces?
120.
Explain how your teeth work as a wedge.
121.
Explain the transfer of energy during work.
Complete the table below by calculating the missing values. Then answer the following questions.
Situation
Force
Distance
Time
Work
Power
1. A
200 N
50 m
10 s
2. B
100 N
6 m
200 W
3. C
200 N
100 m
10 s
4. D
200 N
10 s
5000 J
122. What are the missing values in line 1?
123. What are the missing values in line 2?
124. What are the missing values in line 3?
125. What are the missing values in line 4?
126. In which situation was the most work done?
127. In which situation was the most power used?
128. How does the work done in situation D compare to that done in situation A?
129. How does the distance in situation D compare to the distance in situation A?
130. What would happen to the power in situation C if the time doubled?
131. Compare and contrast simple and compound machines.
132. Compare and contrast a screw and a wedge.
133. What is the work done in using a force of 200 N to push a box 15 m?
134. What is the power used if it took 2,000 J to move a box in 8 s?
135. What is the mechanical advantage of using a machine if you use an input force of 25 N to overcome an output force of 125 N?
136. If an output force of 50 N is used to move an object a distance of 20 m, what distance must the object be moved if the input force is 10 N, so that work in = work out?
137. What is the efficiency of a machine if the work input is 75 N and the work output is 25 N?
Problem
138.
You use 200 N of force to push a snow shovel 10 m along the ground. How much work was done?
139.
A painter lifts a 3 kg can of paint 3 m above the floor. How much work was done?
140.
How much power is needed to do 1,000 J of work on a box if it takes 50 s to lift it?
141.
How much work is done if 500 W of power is used over 2 min?
142.
Calculate the mechanical advantage of a lever where 5 N of input force is needed to move a 10 N box using that lever.
143.
A carpenter uses a claw hammer to pull a nail from a board. The nail has a resistance of 1,500 N. The carpenter applies a force of 150 N. What is the mechanical advantage of the hammer?
Essay
144. Name the six types of simple machines and give an example of each, or what each might be used to do.
145. Explain why applying force to an object does not always result in work being done.
146. Even though work input should equal work output, explain why, other than on ideal machines, machines have an efficiency less than one.
147. If a machine cannot have more work output than work input, what advantage is there to using one?
148. Compare and contrast fixed pulleys with movable pulleys and pulley systems and discuss their respective mechanical advantages.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)