Wednesday, February 27, 2008

6th Grade - Chapter 11 Online Review

6th Grade - Chapter 11 Online Review
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Which describes the surface processes that break down rock?
a.
breakdown
b.
climate
c.
gravity
d.
weathering
____ 2. What two types of weathering shape Earth's surface?
a.
ice wedging and sand
b.
magnetite and climate
c.
mechanical and chemical
d.
oxidation and silt
____ 3. Bill is creating a poster about soil formation.

What other factor affects soil formation?
a.
carbon dioxide
b.
fertilizer
c.
gravity
d.
type of vegetation
____ 4. Suzanne needs good soil for her new garden. Equal amounts of what two materials make up the good-quality soil she needs?
a.
granite and weathered silt material
b.
humus and weathered rock material
c.
nodules of hard rock and clay
d.
weathered sand material and clay
____ 5. What occurs when rocks are broken apart by physical processes?
a.
chemical weathering
b.
fragment weathering
c.
mechanical weathering
d.
radiant weathering
____ 6. At a plant nursery, Lori learned that her favorite flower grows best in soil with a pH balance of 7. What kind of pH balance does this soil have?
a.
equal
b.
negative
c.
neutral
d.
positive
____ 7. While on a vacation, Miguel notices some rocks that have a reddish color. What might explain the color of the rocks?
a.
acidic soil
b.
climate
c.
mechanical weathering
d.
oxidation
____ 8. Sean is looking at a place where a nearby highway cuts through some hills. He is particularly curious about the level of soil that seems to consist of partially weathered rock. What horizon is Sean looking at?
a.
A horizon
b.
B horizon
c.
C horizon
d.
D horizon
____ 9. Which type of soil structure has small peds due to mixing by earthworms, frost, and rodents?
a.
blocky
b.
granular
c.
platy
d.
prismatic
____ 10. Kathy's class has been learning about soil. Kathy has almost completed a sheet about topsoil.

What is another characteristic of topsoil?
a.
consists almost entirely of sand
b.
holds water well
c.
lasts longer if overgrazed
d.
quickly erodes if no-till farming is used
____ 11. Why is soil on steep slopes often poorly developed?
a.
Almost all the good material stays near the top of the slope.
b.
Material moves downhill before it can be weathered.
c.
Poor material tends to stay near the bottom of steep slopes.
d.
Water tend to move toward the bottom of steep slopes.
____ 12. Why can overgrazing damage soil?
a.
Animals' feet damage the soil.
b.
It increases moisture in the soil.
c.
Soil is carried away by wind.
d.
Trees cannot grow where animals graze.
____ 13. Soil is a mixture of weathered rock, mineral fragments, water, air and ____.
a.
sand
c.
moss
b.
decayed organic matter
d.
clay
____ 14. The layer of soil that contains the most organic material is called the ____ horizon.
a.
A
c.
C
b.
B
d.
D
____ 15. All of the following cause mechanical weathering EXCEPT ____.
a.
ice
c.
burrowing animals
b.
tree roots
d.
carbonic acid
____ 16. Litter often covers the ____ horizon.
a.
A
c.
C
b.
B
d.
all of the above
____ 17. Chemical weathering is more rapid in a ____ climate.
a.
warm, dry
c.
cold, dry
b.
warm, wet
d.
cold, wet
____ 18. Mechanical weathering is more rapid in a ____ climate.
a.
dry
c.
cold
b.
hot
d.
humid
____ 19. Soil erosion can be slowed by ____.
a.
no-till farming
c.
plowing at least three times a year
b.
cutting trees from the middle of fields
d.
farming on steeper slopes
____ 20. The organic matter in humus is made of ____.
a.
dead worms
c.
roots
b.
stems
d.
all of the above
____ 21. The rate of weathering depends upon the area's ____.
a.
oxygen
c.
water
b.
climate
d.
soil
____ 22. The rock and mineral fragments in soil come from rock that has been ____.
a.
blasted
c.
weathered
b.
carved
d.
chemically treated
____ 23. On steep slopes and mountains, ____ helps reduce erosion by creating level areas for crops.
a.
a shelter belt
c.
mulching
b.
strip cropping
d.
terracing
____ 24. The difference between mechanical and chemical weathering is ____.
a.
the length of time each takes to break up a rock
b.
that only chemical weathering involves water
c.
the way they affect the makeup of a rock
d.
all of the above
____ 25. Soils in ____ contain little organic material and are thin.
a.
tropical areas
c.
prairies
b.
deserts
d.
temperate forests
____ 26. Plants cannot grow without ____.
a.
rocks
c.
moss
b.
soil
d.
pesticides
____ 27. ____ regions are especially vulnerable to erosion because their soils are useful to farmers for only a few years before their nutrients are gone.
a.
Desert
c.
Mountain
b.
Tropical
d.
Prairie
____ 28. The mass of clay, silt, sand, and boulders that covers much of the United States was deposited by ____.
a.
farming
c.
ice wedging
b.
glaciers
d.
huge bulldozers
____ 29. Ice wedging is brought about by ____.
a.
carbonic acid freezing on rocks
c.
water freezing and thawing
b.
water and oxygen reacting
d.
rocks colliding with each other
____ 30. Minerals found in the B horizon were dissolved in water and carried there by a process called ____.
a.
oxidation
c.
weathering
b.
leaching
d.
littering
____ 31. Oxidation occurs when materials containing ____ are exposed to oxygen and water.
a.
iron
c.
kaolinite
b.
carbonic acid
d.
all of the above
____ 32. In bottomlands where water is plentiful, soil is often ____.
a.
thin
c.
thick
b.
rocky
d.
light
____ 33. The B horizon is ____.
a.
rockier than the C horizon
c.
lighter than the A horizon
b.
richer in humus than the A horizon
d.
thinner than the C horizon
____ 34. Plants don't grow as well when ____ has been lost.
a.
clay
c.
parent rock
b.
topsoil
d.
slope
____ 35. ____ is a factor that affects soil development.
a.
Time
c.
Type of rock
b.
Slope
d.
all of the above
____ 36. The ____ horizon has smaller rock and mineral particles than the other layers.
a.
A
c.
C
b.
B
d.
D
____ 37. Below the C horizon is ____.
a.
topsoil
c.
clay
b.
rock
d.
humus
____ 38. In wet climates, granite weathers more slowly than ____.
a.
marble
c.
kaolinite
b.
feldspar
d.
calcite
____ 39. Mechanical weathering ____.
a.
breaks apart rocks by physical processes
b.
occurs when chemical reactions dissolve or change the minerals in rocks
c.
occurs when iron is exposed to oxygen and water
d.
none of the above
____ 40. Chemical weathering ____.
a.
is caused by freezing and thawing
b.
breaks apart rocks by physical processes
c.
occurs when chemical reactions dissolve or change the minerals in rocks
d.
none of above
____ 41. In areas where freezing and thawing occur frequently, rocks weather rapidly because of the ____ of freezing water.
a.
evaporation
c.
leaching
b.
expansion
d.
oxidation
____ 42. When water mixes with carbon dioxide gas in the air or soil, ____ forms.
a.
carbonic acid
c.
calcite
b.
lactic acid
d.
oxygen
____ 43. At construction sites, workers often reduce erosion by ____.
a.
covering exposed ground
c.
planting trees
b.
spraying water on bare soil
d.
none of the above
____ 44. Because desert soils contain little organic material, their soil profiles have ____ horizons.
a.
thick
c.
thin
b.
no
d.
b or c
____ 45. ____ turns and loosens soil, improving it for crops, but leaving soil vulnerable to erosion.
a.
Grazing
c.
Plowing
b.
No-tilling farming
d.
Terracing
____ 46. Soil erosion occurs ____.
a.
where animals eat away all the plants
c.
on steep slopes
b.
when forests are removed
d.
all of the above
____ 47. When farmers leave plant stalks in the field to reduce soil erosion, it is called ____.
a.
contour farming
c.
no-till farming
b.
plowing
d.
terracing
____ 48. Soil is a mixture of weathered rock and ____.
a.
water and air
c.
mineral fragments
b.
decayed organic matter
d.
all of these
____ 49. The layer of soil that contains more humus and smaller rock and mineral particles than the other layers is the ____ horizon.
a.
A
c.
C
b.
B
d.
D
____ 50. All of the following are direct causes of mechanical weathering except ____.
a.
ice
c.
water
b.
tree roots
d.
oxygen
____ 51. Over thousands of years, ____ has chemically weathered limestone, creating caves.
a.
kaolinite clay
c.
oxidation
b.
carbonic acid
d.
sediment
____ 52. Chemical weathering is more rapid in a ____ climate.
a.
dry
c.
cold
b.
tropical
d.
moderate
____ 53. Mechanical weathering is more rapid in a ____ climate.
a.
dry
c.
cold
b.
tropical
d.
moderate
____ 54. When livestock eat all the grass on the land, the land is said to be ____.
a.
overgrazed
c.
weathered
b.
leached
d.
all of these
____ 55. The organic material in humus includes ____.
a.
plant leaves and stems
c.
sand
b.
weathered rocks
d.
air
____ 56. How fast weathering occurs depends on the ____ of an area.
a.
oxygen
c.
water
b.
climate
d.
vegetation
____ 57. In no-till farming, plant stalks are ____.
a.
destroyed
c.
left in the field
b.
covered with water
d.
plowed under
____ 58. Compared to the A horizon in a soil profile, the B horizon ____.
a.
is lighter in color
b.
contains material leached from the A horizon
c.
contains less humus
d.
all of these
____ 59. The difference between mechanical and chemical weathering is ____.
a.
the length of time each takes to break up rock
b.
that each occurs in different parts of the world
c.
only one changes the chemical composition of a rock
d.
that only chemical weathering involves water
____ 60. Soil horizons in deserts are ____ than soil horizons in wetter climates.
a.
thicker
c.
darker
b.
thinner
d.
more fertile
____ 61. Forest harvesting creates the most severe problems in ____ regions.
a.
desert
c.
urban
b.
tropical
d.
mountain
____ 62. Agricultural practices that slow soil erosion include ____.
a.
planting shelter belts of trees
b.
plowing
c.
allowing livestock to graze wherever they want
d.
leaving soil open to rain
____ 63. Causes of soil erosion include ____.
a.
wind
c.
removal of vegetation
b.
water
d.
all of these
____ 64. Ice wedging is caused by ____.
a.
acid freezing on rocks
c.
water freezing and thawing
b.
water and oxygen reacting
d.
all of these
____ 65. The minerals found in the B and C horizons were dissolved in water and carried down to those soil layers by a process called ____.
a.
oxidation
c.
weathering
b.
leaching
d.
precipitation
____ 66. Oxidation requires a combination of three things: ____.
a.
iron, oxygen, and water
c.
rock, oxygen, and water
b.
iron, carbon dioxide, and water
d.
acid, iron, and oxygen
____ 67. An area's climate is its ____.
a.
high and low temperatures
c.
pattern of weather over many years
b.
annual rainfall
d.
daily weather over the last year
The following questions are based on a soil profile.
____ 68. The B horizon is ____.
a.
darker than A
c.
lighter than A
b.
darker than C
d.
lighter than C
____ 69. The A horizon is high in ____.
a.
clay
c.
rocks
b.
organic materials
d.
leached materials
____ 70. Leaching occurs mainly in the ____ horizon.
a.
A
c.
C
b.
B
d.
D
____ 71. Weathering occurs most rapidly in the ____ horizon.
a.
A
c.
C
b.
B
d.
D
____ 72. Below the C horizon is ____.
a.
humus
c.
clay
b.
rock
d.
more soil
____ 73. The ____ horizon consists mostly of parent rock.
a.
A
c.
C
b.
B
d.
D
Completion
Complete each statement.

Figure 7-1
74. The correct labels for the numbers in Figure 7-1 are (1) ____________________, (2) ____________________, and (3) ____________________.
75. The three horizons in Figure 7-1 make up a soil ____________________.
76. The ____________________ horizon in Figure 7-1 contains the most humus.
77. The ____________________ horizon shown in Figure 7-1 is most like the parent material.
78. The most leaching of minerals occurs from the ____________________ horizon into the ____________________ horizon.
79. Topsoil is the ____________________ horizon in Figure 7-1.
80. The ____________________ horizon shown in Figure 7-1 has the least organic matter.
81. Most plant roots grow in the ____________________ horizon.
82. The A horizon may be covered with leaves, twigs, and other organic matter called ____________________.
83. Small pieces of rock such as sand, silt, and clay are called ____________________.
84. ____________________ is the pattern of weather that occurs in a particular area over many years.
85. ____________________ is harmful because plants do not grow well when topsoil has been lost.
86. When farm animals eat the grass on land until there is almost no ground cover, it is called ____________________.
87. ____________________ is made of dead plant and animal matter that has decayed due to bacteria and fungi.
88. Planting along the natural slope of the land to reduce soil erosion is called ____________________.
89. Eroded soil can enter ____________________, causing them to fill up with sediment.
90. all the horizons of a soil ____________________
91. each layer in a soil profile ____________________
92. type of weathering that occurs when reactions dissolve the minerals in rocks ____________________
93. a mixture of weathered rock, decayed organic matter, mineral fragments, water, and air ____________________
94. ice breaking apart a rock ____________________
95. when materials containing iron are exposed to water and oxygen ____________________
96. leaves, twigs, and organic matter that may be changed to humus ____________________
97. decayed organic matter that turns into a dark-colored material ____________________
98. the removal of minerals that have been dissolved in water ____________________
99. weathering that occurs when rocks are broken apart by physical processes ____________________
100. surface processes that work to break down rock ____________________
101. What does weathering create? ____________________
Use the following words to fill in the blanks below. Not all the terms are used.
soil
leaching
terracing
mechanical weathering
carbonic acid
horizon
no-till farming
ice wedging
soil profile
shelter belts
chemical weathering
oxidation
overgrazing
humus
contour farming
102. When unpainted iron lawn furniture sits outside in the rain and begins to rust, ____________________ has occurred.
103. ____________________ has occurred when chemical reactions dissolve the minerals in rocks or change them into different minerals.
104. ____________________ is the process by which water moves minerals down from one soil layer to another.
105. Water freezing and cracking rock and tree roots spreading through rock are examples of _________________________.
106. When weathered rock, decayed organic matter, mineral fragments, water, and air are combined, ____________________ is formed.
107. Mountain peaks, where water freezes and thaws often, are often weathered by ____________________.
108. ____________________ is organic matter made of decayed plants and animals.
109. You can see the different layers of soil that make up a ____________________ on a hillside where the soil and rock have been exposed.
110. Planting along the natural contours of the land on gentle slopes is called ____________________.
111. Leaving plant stalks undisturbed in the field to cover the soil is known as ____________________.
112. Wind erosion of the land can be reduced by planting ____________________ of trees.
Short Answer
113.
Fernando carries out an experiment about soil erosion. With a garden hose he sprays water for 30 seconds on a small pile of sand in his brother's sandbox. The water quickly flattens the pile. He then sprays water on a sloped area of the yard that is sandy, but covered with grass. After 30 seconds, the slope has not changed, and very little sand flows out at the bottom of the slope. What has Fernando demonstrated?
114.
In what ways do burrowing animals affect soil?

Figure 7-2
115.
In Figure 7-2, which picture shows ice wedging: A, B, or C?
116.
In Figure 7-2, which picture shows weathering that involves carbonic acid: A, B, or C?
117.
In Figure 7-2, are the animal burrows in B an example of chemical or mechanical weathering?
118.
Describe the factors that influence the development and type of soil in a certain area.
119.
What human activities lead to soil erosion?
120.
Name three things farmers can do to reduce soil erosion.
121. How does climate affect the rate of weathering of rocks?
122. List five factors that affect the type of soil in a particular area.
123. What would happen to life on Earth if there were no soil?
124. What farming activities have contributed to soil loss? How can farmers prevent this loss?
125. Describe each of the three soil layers in a soil profile.
Choose Cause or Effect for each pair of sentences below. Then combine the two sentences to make one sentence that shows the cause-and-effect relationship.
126. ____________________ Wedges form and the rock breaks apart.
____________________ Plants grow into cracks in rocks.
127. ____________________ Wind and water are able to carry away the topsoil.
____________________ Cattle eat all the grass on the land.
128. ____________________ The area has a rainy climate and a lot of plants.
____________________ The soil is rich with humus.
129. List the steps in soil development.
130. Explain two ways to reduce soil erosion on slopes.
Essay
131.
In what ways can people prevent soil erosion?
132. Why is weathering important?

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