Wednesday, January 9, 2008

6th Grade TEST - Chapter20 ONLINE REVIEW

6th Grade TEST - Chapter20 ONLINE REVIEW

True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

____ 1. Water waves can move a piece of cork floating on top of the water only in an up and down motion.

____ 2. Mechanical waves can travel in any type of medium.

____ 3. Radio waves are the only type of electromagnetic wave that is a transverse wave.

____ 4. Sound waves are compressional waves.

____ 5. The amplitude of a wave is the distance between a point on one wave and the identical point on the next wave.

____ 6. In general, the more energy a wave has the greater its amplitude.

____ 7. The speed of light depends on the medium it travels through.

____ 8. You can see yourself in a mirror because of the wave property called interference.

____ 9. Refraction occurs when the amplitude of a wave changes as it goes from one medium to another.

____ 10. You can hear sounds around the corner of a door due to the wave property called diffraction.

____ 11. High-pitched sounds have high frequencies, and low-pitched sounds wave low frequencies.

____ 12. Amplitude and frequency may vary in waves, but all waves travel at the same speed.

____ 13. Waves travel in straight lines and therefore cannot bend as they pass through a narrow opening.

____ 14. Mechanical waves transmit matter, while electromagnetic waves transmit energy.

____ 15. When you watch lightning, the light reaches you before the sound of the accompanying thunder because light travels faster than sound.

____ 16. Diffraction causes diamonds and other gems to sparkle.

____ 17. In a mechanical compressional wave, the wave energy causes the matter in the medium to move up and down or back and forth at right angles to the direction the wave travels.

____ 18. A group of molecules that are squeezed together is called a compression.

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 19. What is the best description of a wave?
a.
A wave transfers matter from one place to another.
b.
A wave transfers energy from one place to another.
c.
A wave transfers both energy and matter.
d.
A wave moves matter from one place to another.


____ 20. What kind of wave is created when an up and down motion of a rope produces right angles?
a.
compressional wave
b.
sound wave
c.
tranverse wave
d.
electromagnetic wave


____ 21. What kinds of waves do satellites use to transmit their locations to global positioning systems?
a.
electromagnetic radio waves
b.
infrared waves
c.
ultraviolet waves
d.
visible light waves


____ 22. What is the scientific term used to describe the amount of energy transferred by a wave?
a.
amplitude
b.
compression
c.
frequency
d.
vibration


____ 23. The school band is practicing their scales. As the pitch and frequency of the notes increases, what happens to the wavelength of the notes?
a.
The wavelength increases.
b.
The wavelength decreases then increases.
c.
The wavelength stays the same.
d.
The wavelength decreases.


____ 24. From the information on the chart, what can you conclude about the way sound travels?
a.
Sound waves travel faster as the temperature decreases.
b.
Sound waves travel more slowly through air.
c.
Sound waves travel faster as the temperature increases.
d.
Sound waves travel at a constant speed in all temperatures.


____ 25.
What kind of sound is an echo?
a.
diffraction
b.
reflection
c.
refraction
d.
vibration


____ 26. When the band is practicing in the music room, you can hear the music as it passes through the hallway. What property of sound does this example describe?
a.
amplification
b.
diffraction
c.
refraction
d.
vibration


____ 27. What happens when two waves meet?
a.
They collide and change direction.
b.
They collide and continue moving.
c.
They pass through each other and continue moving.
d.
They crash together and form a tsunami.


____ 28. When two waves overlap, they combine to form a new wave. What is this characteristic called?
a.
crest
b.
diffraction
c.
interference
d.
trough


____ 29. You are giving a presentation in science class about sound. You describe how the noise produced by the motor of a lawn mower hurts your ears.What term would you use to explain the way that you would reduce the noise of the mower?
a.
constructive interference
b.
destructive interference
c.
reflected sound
d.
refracted sound


____ 30. What kind of a wave travels along the coils of a spring?
a.
amplitude
b.
compressional
c.
frequency
d.
transverse


____ 31. The electromagnetic spectrum shows the range of electromagnetic waves. The wavelengths decrease at the bottom of the spectrum and increase at the top. What is the explanation for the range of wavelengths?
a.
Each wavelength is a different distance from the sun.
b.
Each wavelength has a different amplitude of vibration.
c.
Each wavelength has a different level of refraction.
d.
Each wavelength has a different frequency.


____ 32. Which one of the following is NOT an example of a mechanical wave?
a.
sound wave
c.
earthquake wave
b.
water wave
d.
radio wave


____ 33. Which one of the following is NOT an example of an electromagnetic wave?
a.
sound wave
c.
red light
b.
x-rays
d.
gamma rays


____ 34. Which one of the following is NOT an example of a compressional wave?
a.
wave moving through a coiled spring
b.
sound traveling through the air
c.
sound traveling through water
d.
green light traveling through the air


____ 35. Tsunamis have a large amount of energy because of their large ____.
a.
wavelength
c.
frequency
b.
amplitude
d.
diffraction


____ 36. Which one of the following determines the color of a light wave?
a.
amplitude only
c.
wavelength and frequency
b.
wavelength and amplitude
d.
interference patterns


____ 37. A place where molecules are far apart is a ____.
a.
refraction
c.
rarefaction
b.
reflection
d.
compression


____ 38. The speed of sound through air is about ____.
a.
340 m/s
c.
3,000,000 m/s
b.
2,000,000 m/s
d.
3,000,000 m/hour


____ 39. When light bounces off a surface it is called ____.
a.
reflection
c.
diffraction
b.
refraction
d.
interference


____ 40. In which one of the following cases will refraction occur?
a.
light traveling from air to glass
b.
light reflecting off of a mirror
c.
light bending around the corner of a door
d.
green light interfering with blue light


____ 41. Constructive interference occurs when waves meet ____.
a.
crest-to-crest and trough-to-trough
b.
crest-to-trough and crest-to-trough
c.
trough-to-crest and trough-to-crest
d.
crest-to-crest


____ 42. Waves can ____ when they move from one medium to another.
a.
disappear
c.
bend
b.
interfere
d.
split


____ 43. A(n) ____ wave DOES NOT need matter for energy transfer.
a.
electromagnetic
c.
compressional
b.
mechanical
d.
sound


____ 44. In a mechanical ____ wave, matter moves at a right angle to the wave direction.
a.
compressional
c.
light
b.
transverse
d.
electromagnetic


____ 45. The speed of sound in water is ____ the speed of sound in air.
a.
greater than
c.
equal to
b.
less than
d.
not greater than


____ 46. A region of spread-out particles in a compressional wave is called a(n) ____.
a.
compression
c.
interference
b.
rarefaction
d.
medium


____ 47. Waves can combine with each other; this is called ____.
a.
interference
c.
compression
b.
wave addition
d.
rarefaction


____ 48. Wave frequency is the ____ of waves passing a given point per second.
a.
amplitude
c.
speed
b.
wavelength
d.
number


____ 49. In a(n) ____ wave, matter moves back and forth in the same direction as the wave.
a.
compressional
c.
light
b.
transverse
d.
electromagnetic


____ 50. The action of a wave bouncing off a surface is called ____.
a.
rarefaction
c.
reflection
b.
refraction
d.
diffraction


____ 51. Amplitude reflects the amount of ____ in a wave.
a.
energy
c.
rarefaction
b.
compression
d.
speed


____ 52. A(n) ____ is the distance between a point on one wave and the identical point on the next wave.
a.
amplitude
c.
frequency
b.
wavelength
d.
compression


____ 53. The ____ of waves can change when the waves move from one medium to another.
a.
altitude
c.
speed
b.
amplitude
d.
compression


____ 54. A mechanical wave can travel only through ____.
a.
air
c.
matter
b.
water
d.
a vacuum


____ 55. The action of a wave bending around a barrier is called ____.
a.
reflection
c.
refraction
b.
diffraction
d.
rarefaction


____ 56. For significant ____ to occur, the wavelengths should match the size of the opening they are passing through.
a.
reflection
c.
refraction
b.
diffraction
d.
rarefaction


Completion
Complete each statement.

57. Waves are rhythmic disturbances that carry energy through matter or space without transferring ____________________.

58. Since sound is a mechanical wave it needs a ____________________ to travel through.

59. Waves that do not require matter to transfer energy are ____________________ waves.

60. ____________________ waves can be either transverse or compressional.

61. The less dense area of a compressional wave is called a(n) ____________________.

62. In a compressional wave, the amount of compression is like the ____________________ of a transverse wave.

63. The ____________________ is the unit of measure for the frequency of wavelengths per second.

64. Sound travels faster in ____________________ than in liquids.

65. An electromagnetic wave is slowed down if many ____________________ are in the medium.

66. Hertz can be described as ____________________.

67. The echo of a sound wave is due to ____________________ of the sound wave.

68. When light slows down as it passes from air to water it bends toward the ____________________.

69. The change in direction of waves when the wave travels from air to glass is ____________________.

70. Diffraction occurs when waves ____________________ around the edge of a barrier.

71. When two waves interact and their amplitudes cancel out, ____________________ interference has occurred.

72. Waves are ____________________ if they bounce off a surface.

73. Mechanical waves can be transverse or ____________________ waves.

74. The property of waves that allows them to bend around a barrier is ____________________.

75. Waves may bend if they move from one ____________________ to another.

76. Waves do not carry matter, but they do carry ____________________.

77. Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and ____________________ are four characteristics of waves that can change.

78. In visible light, color is an indication of ____________________.

79. The common name for the reflection of sound waves is an ____________________.

80. In a compressional wave, one wavelength is the distance between adjacent compressions or adjacent ____________________.

81. Light waves travel more ____________________ as they enter water.

82. When light is reflected from a rough surface, the reflected light ____________________, producing no image.

83. Waves ____________________ best when their wavelength is similar in size to the opening they are moving through.

Matching

Match each item with the correct statement below.
a.
compressional wave
d.
mechanical wave
b.
electromagnetic wave
e.
transverse wave
c.
interference



____ 84. does not require a medium to travel through

____ 85. light waves and water waves are examples of this

____ 86. interaction of various different waves

____ 87. can be either transverse or compressional

____ 88. sound waves are an example of this

Match each item with the correct statement below.
a.
amplitude
d.
reflection
b.
diffraction
e.
refraction
c.
frequency



____ 89. the pitch of a sound wave

____ 90. why light shines off of a mirror

____ 91. related to the energy of a wave

____ 92. the changing of the speed of a wave

____ 93. the spreading out of waves around a barrier

Match each term with the correct description below.
a.
amplitude
j.
medium
b.
compression
k.
wave speed
c.
compressional wave
l.
rarefaction
d.
diffraction
m.
reflection
e.
electromagnetic wave
n.
refraction
f.
frequency
o.
transverse wave
g.
constructive interference
p.
wave
h.
destructive interference
q.
wavelength
i.
mechanical wave



____ 94. Squeezing a group of particles in a wave

____ 95. A transverse or compressional wave that can travel only through matter

____ 96. The matter through which a wave transfers energy

____ 97. A wave bends around a barrier

____ 98. A mechanical wave in which matter moves at right angles to the wave direction

____ 99. A wave in which matter moves back and forth in the direction the wave is moving

____ 100. A wave that doesn’t require matter to transfer energy

____ 101. A region of spread-out particles in a wave

____ 102. The distance from the crest or trough of a wave to the rest position

____ 103. The action of a wave bouncing off an object

____ 104. The number of waves passing a given point per second

____ 105. The product of wavelength and frequency

____ 106. A combination of waves form a smaller wave

____ 107. A combination of waves form a larger wave

____ 108. A rhythmic disturbance that carries energy

____ 109. A wave bends as it moves from one medium to another

____ 110. The distance between a point on a wave and the identical point on the next wave

Short Answer

111.
Explain how electromagnetic waves emitted by the sun affect you everyday.

112.
A boat in a lake is subjected to passing water waves. Describe the motion of the boat.

113.
Describe why you could not hear someone talk if you were both on the surface of the Moon.

114.
How can light travel from the Sun to Earth through the vacuum of space?

115.
How do your vocal cords produce sounds?

116.
Explain why a bright light differs from a dim light in terms of the amplitudes of each light wave.

117.
An instrument plays a pitch of 266 Hz. Another identical instrument plays a pitch of 400 Hz. How do the wavelength of each of these sound waves compare?

118.
Light that reflects off some surfaces can cause glare. Why don't all surfaces cause glare?

119.
A pencil is placed in a bucket of water. In some views, the pencil in the water will look bent when compared to the pencil above the water. Why is this so?

120.
Why is diffraction of light hard to detect?

121.
Describe how ear protectors help protect against hearing damage.

122. Study the following diagram. Then label the wave using the terms from the list.

amplitude
crest
trough
wavelength


123. Explain how the destructive interference of sound waves can help preserve hearing.

124. If the statement or term identifies a mechanical wave, list its letter under Mechanical Wave. If it identifies an electromagnetic wave, list its letter under Electromagnetic Wave. One or more terms might belong in both categories.

a. radio wave
d. visible light
g. transverse wave
b. sound wave
e. ocean wave
h. tidal wave
c. x rays
f. compressional wave
i. microwave

Mechanical Wave
Electromagnetic Wave
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____


125. Compare and contrast transverse waves and compressional waves, and give an example of each type.

126. Calculate the wave speed of a 500-Hz wave with a wavelength of 0.5 m. First write the equation, then solve the problem, showing your work.

127. Assume that you hear a very low but very loud sound. What can you infer about the frequency and the amplitude of the sound waves you hear?

Problem

Figure 16-1

128. In Figure 16-1, what is the wavelength of Wave A?

129. In Figure 16-1, what is the wavelength of Wave B?

130. In Figure 16-1, what is the amplitude of Wave A.

131. In Figure 16-1, what is the amplitude of Wave B?

132. In Figure 16-1, which wave has the greater frequency?

133. In Figure 16-1, which wave has the least amount of energy?

134. When sunlight passes through a piece of glass known as a prism, the sunlight gets separated into the colors of the rainbow. Use the concept of refraction to explain how this occurs.

Essay

135.
Explain the differences and similarities between waves and particles.

Identify and explain what is responsible for each of the following effects.

136. You see a car behind you in the rearview mirror of your car.

137. You see a coin at the bottom of a fountain of water, but when you reach for it, it is in a different place than it appears to be.

138. You are in a cave with light coming in through a narrow crack in the ceiling. You can see a distinct beam of light on the floor, and you can see features of the cave illuminated by dim light.

139. Members of an orchestra tune their instruments before they begin to play. This produces a blast of confusing, disharmonious noise. When they begin to play in unison, the music from each instrument group is clear and loud. Explain these effects in terms of two types of interference.
6th Grade TEST - Chapter20 ONLINE REVIEW
Answer Section

TRUE/FALSE

1. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 1/1
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

2. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 1/1
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

3. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

4. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

5. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

6. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

7. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2
STA: SC.B.1.3.1

8. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 5/3

9. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 6/3

10. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 7/3
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

11. ANS: T PTS: 1

12. ANS: F PTS: 1

13. ANS: F PTS: 1

14. ANS: F PTS: 1

15. ANS: T PTS: 1

16. ANS: F PTS: 1

17. ANS: F PTS: 1

18. ANS: T PTS: 1

MULTIPLE CHOICE

19. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I

20. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I

21. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I

22. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I

23. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II

24. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II

25. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I

26. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II

27. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I

28. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I

29. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II

30. ANS: B PTS: 1

31. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II

32. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 1/1
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

33. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 1/1
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

34. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

35. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

36. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

37. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

38. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

39. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 5/3

40. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 6/3

41. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 7/3
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

42. ANS: C PTS: 1

43. ANS: A PTS: 1

44. ANS: B PTS: 1

45. ANS: A PTS: 1

46. ANS: B PTS: 1

47. ANS: A PTS: 1

48. ANS: D PTS: 1

49. ANS: A PTS: 1

50. ANS: C PTS: 1

51. ANS: A PTS: 1

52. ANS: B PTS: 1

53. ANS: C PTS: 1

54. ANS: C PTS: 1

55. ANS: B PTS: 1

56. ANS: B PTS: 1

COMPLETION

57. ANS: matter

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 1/1 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

58. ANS: medium

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 1/1 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

59. ANS: electromagnetic

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 1/1 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

60. ANS: Mechanical

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

61. ANS: rarefaction

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

62. ANS: amplitude

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

63. ANS: hertz

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

64. ANS: solids

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2

65. ANS: atoms

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

66. ANS: waves per second

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

67. ANS: reflection

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 5/3

68. ANS: normal

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 6/3 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

69. ANS: refraction

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 6/3 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

70. ANS: bend

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 7/3 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

71. ANS: destructive

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 7/3 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

72. ANS: reflected

PTS: 1

73. ANS: compressional

PTS: 1

74. ANS: diffraction

PTS: 1

75. ANS: medium

PTS: 1

76. ANS: energy

PTS: 1

77. ANS: wave speed

PTS: 1

78. ANS: wavelength

PTS: 1

79. ANS: echo

PTS: 1

80. ANS: rarefactions

PTS: 1

81. ANS: slowly

PTS: 1

82. ANS: scatters

PTS: 1

83. ANS: diffract

PTS: 1

MATCHING

84. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 1/1
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

85. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

86. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 7/3
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

87. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

88. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

89. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

90. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 5/3
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

91. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/2
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

92. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 6/3
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

93. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 7/3
STA: SC.B.1.3.6

94. ANS: B PTS: 1

95. ANS: I PTS: 1

96. ANS: J PTS: 1

97. ANS: D PTS: 1

98. ANS: O PTS: 1

99. ANS: C PTS: 1

100. ANS: E PTS: 1

101. ANS: L PTS: 1

102. ANS: A PTS: 1

103. ANS: M PTS: 1

104. ANS: F PTS: 1

105. ANS: K PTS: 1

106. ANS: H PTS: 1

107. ANS: G PTS: 1

108. ANS: P PTS: 1

109. ANS: N PTS: 1

110. ANS: Q PTS: 1

SHORT ANSWER

111. ANS:
Electromagnetic waves carry radiant energy from the sun. Ninety two percent of the radiant energy from the sun is carried by infrared and invisible light waves. Infrared waves make you feel warm when you sit in the sun. Visible light rays let you see. Ultraviolet waves cause sunburn.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II

112. ANS:
The boat will bob up and down due to the crests and troughs of the water waves. The waves will not move the boat horizontally because waves do not move matter.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 1/1 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

113. ANS:
Since the moon has no air, sound cannot move from the person to you.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 1/1 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

114. ANS:
Since light is a type of electromagnetic wave, it does not require a medium through which to travel.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 1/1 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

115. ANS:
The vocal cords vibrate, causing air in your throat to vibrate.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 2/1 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

116. ANS:
The bright light has more energy (higher amplitude) than a dim light (lower amplitude).

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

117. ANS:
The wave with the lower pitch (266 Hz) will have the longer wavelength.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

118. ANS:
Some surfaces are rough. Light will reflect in many directions, not just in one main direction like off a smooth surface.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 5/3

119. ANS:
Light waves are refracted as the light travels from air to water. This causes a bending of light and therefore the apparent bending of the pencil.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's III OBJ: 6/3 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

120. ANS:
The wavelength of light is so much smaller than the lengths of objects in our everyday life.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 7/3 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

121. ANS:
Ear protectors help absorb some of the energy of the sound wave, so that the amplitude of the sound waves reaching the ear is less.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 7/3 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

122. ANS:
1. trough
2. crest
3. wavelength
4. amplitude

PTS: 1

123. ANS:
Destructive interference of loud sound waves may reduce or even eliminate them. Loud sounds in the environment contribute to hearing loss.

PTS: 1

124. ANS:

Mechanical Wave
Electromagnetic Wave
__b__
__a__
__e__
__c__
__f__
__d__
__g__
__g__
__h__
__i__


PTS: 1

125. ANS:
In a transverse wave, matter in the medium moves back and forth at right angles to the direction the wave travels. Examples may include waves in a tethered rope, in water, or any electromagnetic wave. Accept any appropriate answer. In a compressional wave, matter in the medium moves back and forth in the direction the wave travels. Examples may include sound waves or waves along a coiled spring. Accept any appropriate answer.

PTS: 1

126. ANS:
Wave speed = wave frequency ´ wavelength

= 500 Hz · 0.5 m (or 500 waves/sec · 0.5 m/wave)
= 250 m/s


PTS: 1

127. ANS:
They are low frequency and large amplitude.

PTS: 1

PROBLEM

128. ANS:
8 m

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

129. ANS:
4 m

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

130. ANS:
5 m

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

131. ANS:
20 m

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

132. ANS:
Wave B

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

133. ANS:
Wave A, because it has the lowest amplitude.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/2 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

134. ANS:
As the sunlight goes from air to glass, the various colors change speed. The colors separate because each light color will have a different change of speed.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 6/3 STA: SC.B.1.3.6

ESSAY

135. ANS:
A wave is a disturbance. A particle is matter. Particles take up space and volume and they have an electrical charge. Waves have amplitude, wavelengths, and frequency. Waves move with a certain speed in a given material. The motion of both can be described by direction and speed. Both waves and particles can transfer energy from place to place.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II

136. ANS:
Light is reflected off the car behind you. The reflected light is then again reflected off the rearview mirror, producing the image of the car.

PTS: 1

137. ANS:
Refraction produces the optical illusion. Refraction is the bending of a wave as it passes from one medium to another, in this case, from air to water

PTS: 1

138. ANS:
Diffraction allows you to see objects outside the shaft of light. Diffraction is the bending of a wave around a barrier, in this case, the edges of the crack in the rock.

PTS: 1

139. ANS:
The simultaneous tuning of all of the instruments produces a great deal of destructive interference. Playing in unison produces largely constructive interference.

PTS: 1

6th Grade - Chapter 18 TEST

6th Grade - Chapter 18 TEST

True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

____ 1. During energy transformations, sometimes energy is destroyed.

____ 2. The greater the average kinetic energy of an object, the lower the temperature of that object.

____ 3. When you pick up an ice cube, the heat from your hand transfers to the ice.

____ 4. When you are swinging on a playground swing, your potential energy is greatest at the highest point.

____ 5. A vinyl-covered seat conducts heat slower than a fabric-covered seat.

____ 6. The stored potential energy within chemical bonds is called chemical energy.

____ 7. Photosynthesis is primarily an exothermic reaction.

____ 8. Catalysts are used in the production of many consumer goods such as vegetable shortening and synthetic rubber.

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 9. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only changed from one form to another. What is this statement known as?
a.
the law of conservation of energy
b.
the law of thermal energy
c.
the rule of energy
d.
the rule of nuclear energy


____ 10. A microwave oven and an X-ray machine use what kind of energy?
a.
kinetic
b.
nuclear
c.
potential
d.
radiant


____ 11. Mary places a ball at the top of an inclined plane.
What type of energy does the ball have?
a.
chemical energy
b.
kinetic energy
c.
potential energy
d.
thermal energy


____ 12. Joe is boiling a pot of water.
What process forces the warmer water to the top?
a.
convection
b.
kinetic energy
c.
law of conservation of energy
d.
potential energy


____ 13. Erica is tossing a ball up and down in her hand. The mechanical energy of the ball is slightly less when she catches it than when she tossed it upward. What does this demonstrate?
a.
some chemical energy is converted into mechanical energy
b.
some mechanical energy is converted into thermal energy
c.
some thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy
d.
some mechanical energy is converted into radiant energy


____ 14. Manuel’s father makes a snack in a microwave oven and dinner on the stove. Which kinds of energy transfers does he use to cook the food?
a.
conduction and thermal
b.
convection and conduction
c.
radiation and conduction
d.
radiation and convection


____ 15. Which is the name for the energy of the particles of an object due to their random motion?
a.
conduction
b.
convection
c.
radiation
d.
thermal


____ 16. Why is copper sometimes used on the bottom of cooking pans?
a.
Copper is easy to attach to the bottom of cooking pans.
b.
Copper conducts heat more evenly than many other metals.
c.
Copper conducts radiation evenly across the pan bottom.
d.
Copper is less expensive and more attractive than plastic.


____ 17. The amount of useful energy decreases as energy changes forms. Why is this so?
a.
Thermal energy is changed to kinetic energy, which leaves less useful energy.
b.
Kinetic energy is changed to potential energy, which leaves less useful energy.
c.
Thermal energy is produced, only some of which is useful.
d.
Radiant energy is produced, which becomes less concentrated.


____ 18. Energy occurs in ____.
a.
only one form
c.
only three forms
b.
only two forms
d.
many forms


____ 19. What are the two main types of energy that relate to motion?
a.
conduction and convection
c.
potential and kinetic
b.
solar and thermal
d.
radiation and heat


____ 20. A rock sitting on top of a cliff has ____.
a.
kinetic energy
c.
potential energy
b.
no energy
d.
radiation energy


____ 21. As the temperature of a material increases, the average ____ of its particles also increases.
a.
specific heat
c.
mass
b.
kinetic energy
d.
potential energy


____ 22. What is the freezing point of water on the Celsius temperature scale?
a.
0°C
c.
100°C
b.
–100°C
d.
273°C


____ 23. Which one of the following statements describes the flow of heat?
a.
Energy moves from a warmer object to a cooler object.
b.
Energy moves from a cooler object to a warmer object.
c.
Energy moves only between two warm objects.
d.
Energy moves only between two cold objects.


____ 24. A material that reduces the flow of heat by conduction, convection, and radiation is called a(n) ____.
a.
conductor
c.
insulator
b.
condenser
d.
radiator


____ 25. Which type of energy transfer occurs even in a vacuum?
a.
combustion
c.
convection
b.
radiation
d.
conduction


____ 26. Which one of the following is NOT a good conductor of heat?
a.
air
c.
copper
b.
aluminum
d.
silver


____ 27. An example of thermal energy transfer by convection is the ____.
a.
melting of ice
c.
heating of the ground by sunlight
b.
formation of air currents
d.
heating of the ocean by sunlight


____ 28. The total amount of energy in the universe ____.
a.
is always increasing
c.
remains the same
b.
varies from moment to moment
d.
is always decreasing


____ 29. The motion of atoms in all directions in solids, liquids, and gases is called ____.
a.
radiation
c.
random motion
b.
convection
d.
magnetism


____ 30. The Sun emits a form of energy called ____ energy.
a.
chemical
c.
radiant
b.
mechanical
d.
orbital


____ 31. Which are forms of energy?
a.
chemical, inertia, and radiant
b.
chemical, radiant, and thermal
c.
electrical, friction, and nuclear
d.
velocity, thermal, and chemical


____ 32. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of which of the following?
a.
the atmosphere
b.
liquid in a container
c.
the particles in an object
d.
the wind chill index


____ 33. Curtis is sipping a glass of juice. The ice in the glass has melted, and to him the juice and his hand seem to be about the same temperature. Why have the temperatures balanced?
a.
because of a transfer of energy caused by convection
b.
because of a transfer of thermal energy known as heat
c.
because of a transfer of kinetic energy known as heat
d.
because of a transfer of radiation caused by energy


____ 34. Where is the chemical energy in a material stored?
a.
the nucleus
c.
the protons
b.
the electrons
d.
the bonds between atoms


____ 35. Which one of the following is correct concerning the breaking of a chemical bond?
a.
Only electricity can break a chemical bond.
b.
Energy is never released from the breaking of a bond.
c.
Only heat can break a chemical bond.
d.
When a bond is broken, energy is added and released.


____ 36. Which type of chemical reaction needs to absorb energy to proceed?
a.
exothermic
c.
explosion
b.
endothermic
d.
radiation


____ 37. Which one of the following is NOT an example of a chemical reaction that is exothermic?
a.
the breakdown of water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas
b.
a chemical hand warmer
c.
the burning of charcoal
d.
the explosion of dynamite


____ 38. Which one of the following statements is true about catalysts?
a.
They are required for a chemical reaction to take place.
b.
They change the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up.
c.
They change the rate of a chemical reaction but are always used up.
d.
They can only slow down the rate of a chemical reaction.


____ 39. The ability to cause change is ____.
a.
heat
c.
energy
b.
transformation
d.
conduction


____ 40. The average kinetic energy of the atoms in an object determines its ____.
a.
speed
c.
mass
b.
temperature
d.
specific heat


____ 41. Materials that do not transfer heat easily are ____.
a.
thermals
c.
insulators
b.
conductors
d.
metals


____ 42. At 0°C on the Celsius temperature scale, ____.
a.
water is room temperature
c.
water boils
b.
water freezes
d.
all particle motion stops


____ 43. Kinetic energy plays a role in each of the following EXCEPT a ____.
a.
moving soccer ball
c.
skier standing at the top of a hill
b.
skydiver falling toward Earth
d.
car traveling at 40 mph


____ 44. The scientist who described the law of conservation of energy is ____.
a.
Celsius
c.
Kelvin
b.
Fahrenheit
d.
Joule


____ 45. The transfer of energy from warmer to cooler objects is known as ____.
a.
heat
c.
temperature
b.
conservation
d.
absolute zero


____ 46. A bouncing rubber ball has each of the following EXCEPT ____.
a.
kinetic energy
c.
heat
b.
potential energy
d.
temperature


____ 47. Radiation involves the transfer of energy by ____.
a.
particle collisions
c.
air flow
b.
waves
d.
temperature differences


____ 48. The spring inside a moving wind-up toy has ____.
a.
potential energy only
b.
kinetic energy only
c.
both potential energy and kinetic energy
d.
neither potential energy nor kinetic energy


____ 49. If the amount of energy required to boil a pot of water were added to a swimming pool, the water in the pool would
a.
boil
c.
warm
b.
change very little
d.
cool


____ 50. As a snowflake falls, it ____.
a.
loses kinetic energy and gains potential energy
b.
loses potential energy and gains kinetic energy
c.
gains both potential and kinetic energy
d.
loses both potential and kinetic energy


____ 51. When you use a flashlight, you produce light and ____ energy.
a.
potential
c.
chemical
b.
nuclear
d.
thermal


____ 52. The transfer of thermal energy through liquids and gases is called ____.
a.
convection
c.
radiation
b.
conduction
d.
osmosis


Completion
Complete each statement.

53. If an object has energy, then that object has the ability to cause ____________________.

54. The higher a hill, the more ____________________ energy a skier has at the top and the more ____________________ energy while skiing down.

55. The statement that the total amount of energy in the universe never changes is called the ____________________.

56. The measure of the average ____________________ of particles in a material is called temperature.

57. Energy moves from the Sun to Earth by ____________________.

58. Cooking pans have handles made of materials that are ____________________ of heat.

59. When we move, our muscles transform chemical energy from our food into ____________________ energy and heat.

60. Heat is ____________________ by food as it cooks.

61. Any change of energy from one form to another is called a(n) ____________________.

62. The Fahrenheit temperature scale is used mainly in ____________________ and ____________________.

63. Energy moves through ocean currents by ____________________.

64. In photosynthesis, the cells in green plants convert energy from sunlight into ____________________energy in a type of sugar.

65. Catalysts in the body are called ____________________.

66. A(n) ____________________ in saliva acts as a catalyst to break down starches.

Unscramble the terms in italics next to their definitions. Write the terms on the lines provided.

67. fntorsaimotnar: change of energy from one form to another ____________________

68. teikinc: energy of objects in motion ____________________

69. slationur: material that doesn’t allow heat to be conducted easily ____________________

70. alw fo sornacetoniv fo gerney: Energy cannot be created or destroyed. ______________________________

71. dinutconoc: transfer of energy from particle to particle when there is a temperature difference ____________________

72. greyen: ability to cause change ____________________

73. athe: thermal energy that moves from a warmer to a cooler object ____________________

74. eptilonta: stored energy ____________________

75. tadaiorin: energy that travels in waves in all directions from its source ____________________

76. urepattmere: measure of the average kinetic energy of particles ____________________

77. ovitocencn: transfer of energy when particles move from place to place where there is a temperature difference ____________________

Complete the following sentences using the terms listed below.

thermals
conductors


78. ____________________ are materials that transfer thermal energy easily.

79. Columns of warm air that are forced up as cold air sinks are ____________________.

Matching

Match each term with the correct statement below.
a.
conduction
c.
heat
b.
convection
d.
radiation


____ 80. the movement of thermal energy from warm objects to cool objects

____ 81. Thermals in the air are due to this.

____ 82. type of energy movement used by microwave ovens

____ 83. reason why the handle of a spoon with only its bottom part in a pan of hot water can get hot

Match each term with the correct description below.
a.
endothermic
d.
potential energy
b.
exothermic
e.
temperature
c.
kinetic energy



____ 84. energy of motion

____ 85. celsius scale measures this

____ 86. energy of position

____ 87. a reaction that absorbs energy

____ 88. a reaction that releases energy

Short Answer

89.
An object has 12.57 J of energy. How many degrees Celsius could it warm one gram of water?

90.
Describe the ways that atoms move around in solids, liquids, and gases.

91.
A window is opened in a heated room during the winter. Explain why it feels cold inside the room after a while.

Figure 6-1

92.
In Figure 6-1, which car has the greatest potential energy?

93.
In Figure 6-1, which cars have the least potential energy?

94.
Can you determine which car in Figure 6-1 has the greatest kinetic energy? Explain your answer.

95. For each of the following examples, determine which type of heat transfer is illustrated.

a. Food is cooked in a microwave oven.
b. A breeze blows along the ocean shore on a hot day.
c. Food is cooked on a gas stove.
d. Food is cooked on a barbecue grill.

96. Study the diagram of the thermometer. Then complete the table below.



Boiling point
Freezing point
Current temperature
Fahrenheit
=Celsius
Celsius
100º

10º

Fahrenheit

32º




Consider a picture that shows a marshmallow added to a cup of hot cocoa then answer the following questions.

97. How does the thermal energy of the cocoa change when the marshmallow is added?

98. What happens to the temperature of the marshmallow?

99. What happens to the temperature of the cocoa?

100. By what means does the transfer of thermal energy take place?

101. To change a temperature from the Celsius scale to the Fahrenheit scale, you multiply the Celsius temperature by 9/5 and add 32 to the product. If the temperature is 30°C, what is the Fahrenheit temperature?

102.
Evan buys a flashlight for a camping trip. When he puts batteries in it, it shines brightly. What are the energy changes that take place to make the light shine?

103.
Name and describe the types of energy conversions that are involved when a person climbs stairs.

104.
What are two ways to change the rate of a chemical reaction?

105.
Contrast the way kinetic energy increases and the way potential energy increases.

106.
What is the difference between heat and temperature?

107.
Why are liquids such as alcohol used in thermometers?

108.
How do many people use radiation to cook food?

109.
Explain the ways energy moves when an ice cube is set on a sidewalk on a sunny day.

110.
How is chemical energy important in lifting a heavy object?

111.
Why do some cooking pans have copper bottoms?

112.
Is combustion an exothermic reaction or an endothermic reaction? Is photosynthesis an exothermic reaction or an endothermic reaction?

113.
How does your body use enzymes?

114. Identify a form of energy that is related to each change.

a. change in speed
b. change in position

115. How does the amount of energy in the batteries in a flashlight compare to the total amount of energy given off by the flashlight as light and heat?

116. To change a temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit, you multiply the Celsius temperature by 9/5 and add 32 to the product. If the temperature is 40°C, what is the Fahrenheit temperature?

117. Two identical packages are placed on different shelves in a kitchen cabinet. One of the shelves is a foot higher than the other.

a. Which package has more potential energy? Why?
b. If both packages are pushed off the shelves with identical force, which package will have more kinetic energy?

Essay

118. Explain how temperature is different from heat.

119. Explain the law of conservation of energy.
6th Grade - Chapter 18 TEST
Answer Section

TRUE/FALSE

1. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 1/1
STA: SC.B.1.3.2

2. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2
STA: SC.A.1.3.3

3. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 6/2
STA: SC.B.1.3.5

4. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1
STA: SC.C.1.3.1

5. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 6/2
STA: SC.A.1.3.1

6. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 7/3
STA: SC.B.1.3.1

7. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 7/3
STA: SC.B.1.3.1

8. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 8/3
STA: SC.A.1.3.5

MULTIPLE CHOICE

9. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.B.1.3.2

10. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.B.1.3.3

11. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.B.1.3.1

12. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.B.1.3.5

13. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.B.1.3.4

14. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.A.2.3.3 SC.B.1.3.5

15. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.B.1.3.1

16. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.A.2.3.3 SC.B.1.3.1

17. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.B.1.3.2

18. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 1/1
STA: SC.B.1.3.1

19. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/1
STA: SC.B.1.3.1

20. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 2/1
STA: SC.B.1.3.1

21. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/2
STA: SC.A.1.3.1 SC.B.1.3.1

22. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2
STA: SC.A.1.3.1

23. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 6/2
STA: SC.B.1.3.5

24. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 6/2
STA: SC.A.1.3.1 SC.B.1.3.5

25. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 6/2
STA: SC.B.1.3.1

26. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 6/2
STA: SC.A.1.3.1 SC.B.1.3.5

27. ANS: B PTS: 1

28. ANS: C PTS: 1

29. ANS: B PTS: 1

30. ANS: C PTS: 1

31. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.B.1.3.1

32. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.A.1.3.3 SC.B.1.3.1

33. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.B.1.3.5

34. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 7/3
STA: SC.B.1.3.1

35. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 7/3
STA: SC.B.1.3.1

36. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 7/3

37. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 7/3

38. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 8/3

39. ANS: C PTS: 1

40. ANS: B PTS: 1

41. ANS: C PTS: 1

42. ANS: B PTS: 1

43. ANS: C PTS: 1

44. ANS: D PTS: 1

45. ANS: A PTS: 1

46. ANS: C PTS: 1

47. ANS: B PTS: 1

48. ANS: C PTS: 1

49. ANS: B PTS: 1

50. ANS: B PTS: 1

51. ANS: D PTS: 1

52. ANS: A PTS: 1

COMPLETION

53. ANS: change

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 1/1 STA: SC.B.1.3.1

54. ANS: potential, kinetic

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/1 STA: SC.B.1.3.1

55. ANS: law of conservation of energy

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1 STA: SC.B.1.3.2

56. ANS: kinetic energy

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2 STA: SC.B.1.3.1

57. ANS: radiation

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 6/2 STA: SC.B.1.3.1 SC.B.1.3.3

58. ANS: insulators

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 6/2 STA: SC.B.1.3.5

59. ANS: kinetic

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 7/3 STA: SC.B.1.3.2

60. ANS: absorbed

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 6/2 STA: SC.B.1.3.5

61. ANS: energy transformation

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 1/1 STA: SC.B.1.3.2

62. ANS: the United States, Canada

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2 STA: SC.B.1.3.1

63. ANS: convection

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 6/2 STA: SC.B.1.3.5

64. ANS: chemical

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 7/3 STA: SC.B.1.3.2

65. ANS: enzymes

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 8/3

66. ANS: enzyme

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 8/3

67. ANS: transformation

PTS: 1

68. ANS: kinetic

PTS: 1

69. ANS: insulator

PTS: 1

70. ANS: law of conservation of energy

PTS: 1

71. ANS: conduction

PTS: 1

72. ANS: energy

PTS: 1

73. ANS: heat

PTS: 1

74. ANS: potential

PTS: 1

75. ANS: radiation

PTS: 1

76. ANS: temperature

PTS: 1

77. ANS: convection

PTS: 1

78. ANS: conductors

PTS: 1

79. ANS: thermals

PTS: 1

MATCHING

80. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 6/2
STA: SC.B.1.3.5

81. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 6/2
STA: SC.B.1.3.5

82. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 5/2
STA: SC.A.2.3.3

83. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 6/2
STA: SC.B.1.3.5

84. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1
STA: SC.B.1.3.1

85. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/2

86. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 2/1
STA: SC.B.1.3.1

87. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 7/3
STA: SC.B.1.3.1

88. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 7/3
STA: SC.B.1.3.1

SHORT ANSWER

89. ANS:
Three. One calorie equals 4.19 J, so 12.57 J equals 3 calories. One calorie can warm one gram of water 1ºC, thus the object could warm the water 3ºC.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's III STA: SC.B.1.3.1

90. ANS:
Atoms in solids are close together and do not move around easily. In liquids, atoms tend to move farther apart. In gases, atoms are quite far apart and move around freely.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.A.1.3.4

91. ANS:
Heat flows from a warm area to a cold area.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 6/2 STA: SC.B.1.3.5

92. ANS:
Car A

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 2/1 STA: SC.B.1.3.1

93. ANS:
Cars B and D

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 2/1 STA: SC.B.1.3.1

94. ANS:
No. The speeds of the cars cannot be determined.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's III OBJ: 2/1 STA: SC.B.1.3.1

95. ANS:
a. radiation
b. convection
c. conduction
d. radiation

PTS: 1

96. ANS:


Boiling point
Freezing point
Current temperature
Fahrenheit
=Celsius
Celsius
100º

10º
–40º
Fahrenheit
212º
32º
50º
–40º


PTS: 1

97. ANS:
Thermal energy flows from the cocoa to the marshmallow.

PTS: 1

98. ANS:
It increases.

PTS: 1

99. ANS:
It decreases.

PTS: 1

100. ANS:
conduction

PTS: 1

101. ANS:
(9/5)30 = 54 + 32 = 86°F

PTS: 1

102. ANS:
The chemical energy in the battery changes into electrical energy, which then changes into radiant energy.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.B.1.3.1

103. ANS:
sample answer: conversion of chemical energy to kinetic energy in muscles, and conversion of kinetic energy to potential energy of person

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 2/1 STA: SC.B.1.3.2

104. ANS:
changing the temperature and adding a catalyst

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 8/3

105. ANS:
The kinetic energy of an object increases if either its speed or its mass increases. The potential energy of an object increases if it is raised above its original position.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/1 STA: SC.B.1.3.1

106. ANS:
Heat is the movement of thermal energy from a warmer to a cooler object. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms in an object.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/2 STA: SC.B.1.3.1

107. ANS:
The liquids expand as the temperature increases. The expansion can be measured on the thermometer.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 5/2 STA: SC.B.1.3.1

108. ANS:
with a microwave oven, which transfers energy to the food

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 5/2 STA: SC.B.1.3.5

109. ANS:
Sample answer: The Sun's energy transfers by radiation to the ice cube and the sidewalk. The sidewalk transfers heat to the ice cube by conduction.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 6/2 STA: SC.B.1.3.5

110. ANS:
Chemical energy is stored in muscles. When an object is lifted, the stored chemical energy is converted into kinetic energy.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 7/3 STA: SC.B.1.3.2

111. ANS:
Copper is a conductor that is widely available and less expensive than other conductors like gold and silver. A copper bottom on a pan conducts heat more evenly, preventing hot spots, and allowing food to cook evenly.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 5/2 STA: SC.B.1.3.5

112. ANS:
Combustion is an exothermic reaction. Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 7/3

113. ANS:
Enzymes are catalysts in the body. Many processes in the cells of the human body are controlled by enzymes. They allow chemical reactions to take place that normally could not in the cell environment.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 8/3

114. ANS:
a kinetic energy
b. potential energy

PTS: 1

115. ANS:
It is the same

PTS: 1

116. ANS:
(9/5) 40 = 72 and 72 + 32 = 104°F

PTS: 1

117. ANS:
a The package on the higher shelf has more potential energy. Because the two packages are identical, how high the package is determines its potential energy.
b. The package on the higher shelf will have more kinetic energy as it falls. The greater potential energy it gets from sitting on the higher shelf can be converted into more kinetic energy.

PTS: 1

ESSAY

118. ANS:
Temperature is a way to measure the average kinetic energy of the particles in a material. Heat is a transfer of thermal energy from a substance at a higher temperature to a substance at a lower temperature.

PTS: 1

119. ANS:
The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be destroyed or created. Energy can only be transformed from one form to another, so the total amount of energy in the universe never changes. The only thing that can change is the form of the energy.

PTS: 1

6th Grade - CHapter 16 ONLINE REVIEW

6th Grade - CHapter 16 ONLINE REVIEW

Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.

____ 1. When a substance burns, matter is destroyed. _________________________

____ 2. Elements on the far right of the periodic table are classified as nonmetals. _________________________

____ 3. Substances are either elements or mixtures. _________________________

____ 4. Thompson's experiments led to the discovery of the neutron. _________________________

____ 5. The closer an electron is to the nucleus, the lower its energy. _________________________

____ 6. Every atom of the same element has the same atomic number. _________________________

____ 7. For an atom to be neutral, the number of protons must equal the number of neutrons. _________________________

____ 8. Matter always has mass. _________________________

____ 9. Matter is anything that you can see and that takes up space. _________________________

____ 10. Metalloids are elements that have characteristics of both metals and nonmetals. _________________________

____ 11. J. J. Thomson’s experiments with cathode rays led to the discovery of the neutron. _________________________

____ 12. A compound with the formula C6H12O6 is made up of three atoms. _________________________

____ 13. Fruit salad is an example of a heterogeneous mixture. _________________________

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 14. Kay is learning about an element that has 15 protons. Its mass number is 27. How many neutrons does it have?
a.
10
b.
12
c.
14
d.
42


____ 15. Cynthia looks at an illustration of a carbon dioxide molecule.
What is the formula for carbon dioxide?
a.
CO
b.
CO2
c.
OC2
d.
C20


____ 16. Which makes up more than 97 percent of your body?
a.
air
b.
carbon and hydrogen
c.
nonmetals
d.
water


____ 17. Stephen is writing a report about whether light is matter. Which should be his conclusion?
a.
No, because it does not take up space.
b.
No, because it has only a tiny amount of mass.
c.
Yes, because it is visible to the eye.
d.
Yes, because large amounts of it can be weighed.


____ 18. In chemical formulas of compounds, subscript numbers sometimes follow element symbols. What do these numbers represent?
a.
how many neutrons of that element exist in one unit of that compound
b.
how many atoms of that element exist in one unit of that compound
c.
the number of compounds that can be created with that particular element
d.
the number of elements that exist within that particular compound


____ 19. Roberta is drawing an atom for a class poster.
How many electrons did Roberta draw?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
3
d.
4


____ 20. Which is a particle that makes up most types of matter?
a.
atom
b.
element
c.
ether
d.
molecule


____ 21. Some matter has a positive charge, other matter has a negative charge. Which describes matter that has an equal amount of positive and negative charge?
a.
equal
b.
even
c.
neutral
d.
nucleus


____ 22. Tonya is preparing a presentation about atoms. She is particularly interested in the tiny particles that make up protons and neutrons. What are these particles?
a.
anodes
b.
cathodes
c.
electrons
d.
quarks


____ 23. Which is an example of a mixture?
a.
blood
b.
salt
c.
sugar
d.
water


____ 24. Why do scientists who study atoms often find it helpful to develop models of their theories?
a.
Models always show scientists that their theories must be correct.
b.
Models are difficult to develop and therefore difficult to disprove.
c.
Models are usually more complex than what is being studied.
d.
Models help them understand and explain things that cannot be seen.


____ 25. Which are uncharged particles?
a.
alpha particles
b.
neutrons
c.
nuclei
d.
protons


____ 26. Which of these combines to form all living and most nonliving things?
a.
electrons
b.
elements
c.
mixtures
d.
protons


____ 27. Matter that has the same composition and properties throughout is called a(n) ____.
a.
substance
c.
atom
b.
mixture
d.
isotope


____ 28. When two pure substances are combined so that each of the pure substances retains its own properties, the result is a(n) ____.
a.
compound
c.
element
b.
mixture
d.
isotope


____ 29. All ____ except mercury are solids at room temperature.
a.
metalloids
c.
metals
b.
nonmetals
d.
mixtures


____ 30. How many atoms of calcium are in a unit of calcium phosphate whose formula is Ca3(PO4)2?
a.
one
c.
three
b.
two
d.
four


____ 31. In general, nonmetals are ____.
a.
good conductors of electricity
c.
good conductors of heat
b.
malleable and ductile
d.
gases at room temperature


____ 32. In general, metals are ____.
a.
poor conductors of heat
c.
poor conductors of electricity
b.
brittle
d.
good conductors of heat


____ 33. When Rutherford performed his metal foil experiment, he was surprised that most of the alpha particles ____.
a.
were deflected by the foil
c.
were absorbed by the foil
b.
bounced back from the foil
d.
passed straight through the foil


____ 34. Water and hydrogen peroxide have different properties because ____.
a.
they are made from different elements
b.
one contains a greater percentage of oxygen than the other
c.
one is a compound and one is a mixture
d.
only water follows the law of definite proportions


____ 35. Which of these statements about matter is NOT true?
a.
During chemical changes, matter is destroyed.
b.
Matter has mass and takes up space.
c.
Matter can be divided into pure substances and mixtures.
d.
Matter is made up of atoms.


____ 36. The millions of compounds that exist are made from approximately ____ elements.
a.
50
c.
115
b.
75
d.
150


____ 37. Most of the mass of an atom is found in its ____.
a.
nucleus
c.
atomic number
b.
electron cloud
d.
mass number


____ 38. Vegetable soup is an example of a ____.
a.
homogeneous mixture
c.
compound
b.
heterogeneous mixture
d.
pure substance


____ 39. When someone stirs cocoa powder into hot water or hot milk, the cocoa changes from a ____.
a.
homogeneous mixture into a compound
b.
homogeneous mixture into a non-uniform mixture
c.
compound into a heterogeneous mixture
d.
heterogeneous mixture into a homogeneous mixture


____ 40. A certain atom has 26 protons, 26 electrons, and 30 neutrons. It mass number is ____.
a.
26
c.
52
b.
30
d.
56


____ 41. Which of the following CANNOT be classified as matter?
a.
an odorless, colorless gas
c.
alpha particles
b.
the heat given off by a light bulb
d.
an electron cloud


____ 42. ____ has mass and takes up space.
a.
Thought
c.
Air
b.
Light
d.
Emotion


____ 43. A(n) ____ is a particle in an atom with a positive charge.
a.
electron
c.
neutron
b.
isotope
d.
proton


____ 44. Each of these is an example of matter EXCEPT ____.
a.
a cloud
c.
a dust particle
b.
a beam of light
d.
air


____ 45. An atom of the element with atomic number 6 always has ____.
a.
six electron clouds
c.
six protons in its nucleus
b.
more than six neutrons
d.
an atomic mass of six


____ 46. The atomic number of an element tells the number of ____ in the nucleus of an atom of that element.
a.
neutrons
c.
protons
b.
electrons
d.
isotopes


____ 47. Rutherford’s experiment showed that most of an atom is made up of ____.
a.
an electron cloud
c.
alpha particles
b.
a nucleus
d.
empty space


____ 48. Isotopes of an element contain different numbers of ____.
a.
electrons
c.
protons
b.
neutrons
d.
energy levels


____ 49. Water is an example of a(n) ____.
a.
compound
c.
homogeneous mixture
b.
heterogeneous mixture
d.
element


____ 50. Most elements found on the left side of the periodic table are ____.
a.
metals
c.
brittle
b.
metalloids
d.
nonmetals


____ 51. Air is an example of a ____.
a.
heterogeneous mixture
c.
substance
b.
compound
d.
homogeneous mixture


____ 52. ____ developed a model called the atomic theory of matter.
a.
John Dalton
c.
Democritus
b.
Ernest Rutherford
d.
J. J. Thompson


____ 53. During Chadwick’s experiments, streams of ____ were unaffected by an electric field.
a.
alpha particles
c.
electrons
b.
neutrons
d.
protons


____ 54. ____ are small particles that make up most types of matter on Earth.
a.
Compounds
c.
Mixtures
b.
Elements
d.
Atoms


____ 55. Matter that is NOT considered to be a single substance is a(n) ____.
a.
compound
c.
mixture
b.
element
d.
isotope


____ 56. A property NOT associated with metals is ____.
a.
electric conductivity
c.
shininess
b.
ductility
d.
brittleness


Completion
Complete each statement.

57. All matter is made up of particles called ____________________.

58. If pure gold is classified as 24-karat gold, then 10-karat gold must be a ____________________ mixture.

59. Elements on the left side of the periodic table are classified as ____________________.

60. A pillowcase full of Halloween candy is a ____________________ mixture.

61. For material to be classified as a pure ____________________, every bit of it must have the same properties.

62. Elements that have properties halfway between those of metals and nonmetals, are classified as ____________________.

63. Rutherford's contribution to atomic models was the discovery of the ____________________.

64. Chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 are examples of ____________________.

65. Chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 have a different number of ____________________.

Choose the term in parentheses that correctly completes the sentence.

66. An element is made up of only one kind of ____________________ (isotope, atom, plastic).

67. The periodic table lists ____________________ (common molecules, compounds, elements).

68. Isotopes can have the same ____________________ (mass number, atomic number, number of subatomic particles).

69. Most elements are ____________________ (metals, nonmetals, metalloids).

70. On the periodic table, metalloids are found ____________________ (on the left side, on the right side, between the metals and nonmetals).

71. A ____________________ (metal, metalloid, nonmetal) has no luster and is a poor conductor.

72. Many ____________________ (metals, metalloids, nonmetals) can conduct heat and electricity, but they are not the best conductors.

73. The ____________________ (metals, metalloids, nonmetals) all are malleable, have luster, and are good conductors.

74. The elements in a ____________________ (mixture, solution, compound) are always combined in the same proportion by mass.

75. The compound ammonia contains three atoms of hydrogen for every atom of nitrogen, so the chemical formula for ammonia is ____________________ (NH3, N3H3, N3H).

76. An example of a homogeneous mixture is ____________________ (vegetable soup, air, granite rock).

77. A mixture is heterogeneous if ___________________________________ (it is made of two compounds, one of its parts is water, you can see its individual parts).

Matching

Match the drawings in Figure 3-1 to the descriptions below.

Figure 3-1

____ 78. element

____ 79. mixture of two elements

____ 80. compound

____ 81. mixture of two compounds

____ 82. mixture of a compound and element

Match each symbol or formula with the correct element or compound.
a.
O2
c.
CO
b.
CO2
d.
C


____ 83. carbon

____ 84. oxygen

____ 85. carbon monoxide

____ 86. carbon dioxide

Match each item with the correct description below.
a.
atom
j.
matter
b.
atomic mass
k.
metals
c.
atomic number
l.
metalloids
d.
compound
m.
mixtures
e.
electron
n.
neutron
f.
element
o.
nonmetals
g.
isotopes
p.
nucleus
h.
law of conservation of matter
q.
proton
i.
mass number
r.
substance


____ 87. weighted average mass of an element

____ 88. a sample of matter that has the same composition and properties throughout

____ 89. states that matter is neither created nor destroyed, only changed in form

____ 90. negatively charged subatomic particle

____ 91. positively charged central part of the atom

____ 92. positively charged particle in the nucleus of the atom

____ 93. uncharged particle in the nucleus of the atom

____ 94. elements that generally have a shiny or metallic luster

____ 95. matter made up of only one kind of atom

____ 96. tells you the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of an element

____ 97. anything that has mass and takes up space

____ 98. atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

____ 99. the sum of an atom’s protons and neutrons

____ 100. a small particle that makes up most types of matter on Earth

____ 101. a pure substance whose smallest unit is made up of atoms of more than one element

____ 102. formed when two or more substances come together but don’t combine to form a new substance

____ 103. elements that are usually dull in appearance and poor conductors of heat and electricity

____ 104. elements that have characteristics of both metals and nonmetals

Short Answer

105.
Eric’s younger sister has learned that by pouring water into her sandbox she can build taller sand castles for her toys. One day as she plays in the sandbox with some toys, Eric brings her some lemonade to drink. What kind of mixtures are present?

106.
Juanita knows that elements fall into three categories: metals, metalloids, and nonmetals. She is examining two elements, both of which are solid and conduct heat. Element A is shiny, Element B is not. Into which category might these two elements fall? Explain your answer.

107.
Describe a method you could use to separate a mixture of sand and sugar.

108.
Is gasoline a compound, a homogenous mixture, or a heterogeneous mixture? (Keep in mind that hi-test gasoline has a higher octane level than regular gasoline.) Explain your answer.

109.
Suppose a freezer tray is filled with distilled water. If one of the ice cubes from the tray is placed in a glass of distilled water, how should the contents of the glass be classified?

110.
Scientists used to think electrons moved in orbits around the nucleus. How do scientists currently describe the movement of electrons?

111.
The lowest energy level of an atom is filled. Its second level contains three additional electrons. What type of atom is it? Explain your answer.

112.
Find the names of each of the following elements on the periodic table: Ag, As, Ca, Cl, I, Ir, Si, Ti. Classify each element as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid.

113.
Except during World War II when steel pennies were made, pennies minted before 1984 were made entirely of copper. Pennies made later have a core of zinc covered by a thin layer of copper. Nickels contain about 25% copper and 75% nickel. Classify each type of coin in terms of elements, compounds, homogeneous mixtures, and heterogeneous mixtures.

114.
Use the example of inflating a flat tire after a repair to explain why air is matter.

115.
How are the airplane models that can be bought at a toy or hobby shop different from the models that scientists have made of atoms?

116.
Give four examples of properties of nonmetals that are exactly the opposite of properties of metals.

117.
Oxygen gas normally exists as O2 molecules. Each molecule contains two oxygen atoms. Is O2 a compound? Explain your answer.

118.
Lavoisier used the burning of wood to demonstrate conservation of mass. Explain why burning wood in a fireplace does not duplicate the experimental setup Lavoisier must have used.

119.
How did Thomson demonstrate the existence of the electron?

120.
What did Rutherford expect to happen when he bombarded metal foil with alpha particles? How did his results change the model of the atom?

121.
The operating system and programs that run on a computer depend on tiny electrical circuit boards called chips, which are made of materials called semi-conductors. Based on the label "semi-conductor," which type of element would you predict is used to make computer chips? Explain.

122.
Discuss the likelihood that the current model of the atom will be the final model of the atom.

123.
Suppose you found a sample of an element with the following properties: it is a dim yellow solid at room temperature, which shatters when hit with a hammer. How would you classify the element, and where would you expect to find it on the periodic table? Explain.

124.
Draw models of lithium-6 and lithium-7, two isotopes of lithium. Locate and label the subatomic particles in each model. How do the two models differ?

125.
Use the periodic table to complete the data in Table 3-1.

Properties of Selected Elements
Symbol
Name
Atomic number
Average Atomic Mass

Fluorine


O





15

S


32.066
Table 3-1


126.
Consider the following stages in preparing a homemade birthday cake: (A) Place ingredients such as flour, sugar, and eggs into a mixing bowl; (B) Stir the ingredients to form a batter; (C) Pour the batter into two baking pans; (D) Bake as directed and cool on a baking rack; (E) Spread a raspberry filling between the layers of cooled cake; (F) Coat the cake with a butter frosting. At which stages is it a heterogeneous mixture?

127. Study the following diagram. Then label the atom using the correct terms from the list.

electron
electron cloud
neutron
nucleus
proton



128. Classify the following as matter or not matter.

a. hydrogen
b. a wish
c. the Sun
d. any atom
e. heat
f. light

129. Fill in the missing numbers in the table.

Element
Number of protons
Number of neutrons
Number of electrons
Atomic number
Mass number
A
3
4
3

7
B
2

2
2
4
C
11
12

11

D

6
6

12
E

18


35


Study diagrams A, B, and C below. Then, identify the particles that make up each stream and explain your reasoning.

Each diagram shows the path followed by a stream of particles moving between two electrically charged plates. The particles may be electrons, which carry a negative charge, alpha particles which carry a positive charge, or neutrons, which carry no net charge.


130. Diagram A:

131. Diagram B:

132. Diagram C:

133. Compare and contrast the properties of a homogeneous mixture such as salt water and a heterogeneous mixture such as muddy water.

134. Compare and contrast the composition of a compound having the formula CO with one having the formula CO2.

135. Thomson’s model of the atom pictured electrons embedded in a ball of positive charge. Why did Rutherford’s gold-foil experiment lead to a change in this model?

136. Why is it impossible for the atomic number of an element to be greater than its mass number?

Problem

137. Copper has two isotopes that are fairly common in nature: copper-63 and copper-65. The average atomic mass for copper is 63.546 u. Which isotope of copper is more common? Explain.

138. The metal copper forms three different compounds with the nonmetal oxygen. Based on the following ratio of copper to oxygen, write formulas for the three compounds:
(a) 1 to 1; (b) 2 to 1; (c) 4 to 1.

139. The metal aluminum forms the following compounds with nonmetals: aluminum fluoride (AlF3), aluminum nitride (AlN4), aluminum carbide (Al4C3), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3). What is the ratio of nonmetal atoms to metal atoms in each compound?

Essay

140. Suppose a new element with atomic number 120 is discovered. If some isotopes of this element have 122 neutrons and some have 124 neutrons, what can you infer about the atomic mass of the element? Explain your answer.

141. Why can you write a formula for a compound but not for a mixture?
6th Grade - CHapter 16 ONLINE REVIEW
Answer Section

MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE

1. ANS: F, conserved

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1 STA: SC.A.1.3.5

2. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I
OBJ: 5/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.1

3. ANS: F, compounds

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 9/3 STA: SC.A.1.3.1 SC.A.1.3.5

4. ANS: F, electron

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/1 STA: SC.A.2.3.2 SC.H.1.3.6

5. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I
OBJ: 4/1 STA: SC.A.2.3.2

6. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I
OBJ: 6/2 STA: SC.A.2.3.2

7. ANS: F, electrons

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/1 STA: SC.A.2.3.2

8. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I
OBJ: 1/1 STA: SC.A.1.3.2

9. ANS: F, has mass

PTS: 1

10. ANS: T PTS: 1

11. ANS: F, electron

PTS: 1

12. ANS: F, 24

PTS: 1

13. ANS: T PTS: 1

MULTIPLE CHOICE

14. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.A.2.3.2

15. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.A.2.3.2

16. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.A.2.3.2

17. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.A.1.3.1

18. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.A.2.3.2

19. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.A.2.3.2

20. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.A.2.3.2

21. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.A.2.3.2

22. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.A.2.3.2

23. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.A.2.3.2

24. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.A.2.3.2 SC.H.1.3.1

25. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.A.2.3.2

26. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I STA: SC.A.2.3.2

27. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 9/3

28. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 10/3
STA: SC.A.1.3.1

29. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 8/2
STA: SC.A.1.3.1

30. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 9/3
STA: SC.A.1.3.1

31. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 8/2
STA: SC.A.1.3.1

32. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 8/2
STA: SC.A.1.3.1

33. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/1
STA: SC.A.2.3.1

34. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 9/3
STA: SC.A.1.3.1

35. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 1/1

36. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 5/2

37. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 3/1
STA: SC.A.2.3.2

38. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 10/3
STA: SC.A.1.3.5

39. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 10/3
STA: SC.A.1.3.5

40. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 6/2
STA: SC.A.2.3.2

41. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 2/1

42. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 1/1
STA: SC.A.1.3.1

43. ANS: D PTS: 1

44. ANS: B PTS: 1

45. ANS: C PTS: 1

46. ANS: C PTS: 1

47. ANS: D PTS: 1

48. ANS: B PTS: 1

49. ANS: A PTS: 1

50. ANS: A PTS: 1

51. ANS: D PTS: 1

52. ANS: A PTS: 1

53. ANS: B PTS: 1

54. ANS: D PTS: 1

55. ANS: C PTS: 1

56. ANS: D PTS: 1

COMPLETION

57. ANS: atoms

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 2/1 STA: SC.A.2.3.2

58. ANS: homogeneous

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 10/3 STA: SC.A.1.3.1

59. ANS: metals

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 5/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.1

60. ANS: heterogeneous

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 10/3 STA: SC.A.1.3.1

61. ANS: substance

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 9/3 STA: SC.A.1.3.1

62. ANS: metalloids

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 8/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.1

63. ANS: nucleus

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 4/1 STA: SC.A.2.3.2

64. ANS: isotopes

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 7/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.1

65. ANS: neutrons

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's I OBJ: 7/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.1

66. ANS: atom

PTS: 1

67. ANS: elements

PTS: 1

68. ANS: atomic number

PTS: 1

69. ANS: metals

PTS: 1

70. ANS: between the metals and nonmetals

PTS: 1

71. ANS: nonmetals

PTS: 1

72. ANS: metalloids

PTS: 1

73. ANS: metals

PTS: 1

74. ANS: compound

PTS: 1

75. ANS: NH3

PTS: 1

76. ANS: air

PTS: 1

77. ANS: you can see its individual parts

PTS: 1

MATCHING

78. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 5/2
STA: SC.A.1.3.1

79. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 5/2
STA: SC.A.1.3.1

80. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 9/3
STA: SC.A.1.3.1

81. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 9/3
STA: SC.A.1.3.1

82. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 5/2
STA: SC.A.1.3.1

83. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 5/2
STA: SC.A.1.3.1

84. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 5/2
STA: SC.A.1.3.1

85. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 9/3
STA: SC.A.1.3.1

86. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 9/3
STA: SC.A.1.3.1

87. ANS: B PTS: 1

88. ANS: R PTS: 1

89. ANS: H PTS: 1

90. ANS: E PTS: 1

91. ANS: P PTS: 1

92. ANS: Q PTS: 1

93. ANS: N PTS: 1

94. ANS: K PTS: 1

95. ANS: F PTS: 1

96. ANS: C PTS: 1

97. ANS: J PTS: 1

98. ANS: G PTS: 1

99. ANS: I PTS: 1

100. ANS: A PTS: 1

101. ANS: D PTS: 1

102. ANS: M PTS: 1

103. ANS: O PTS: 1

104. ANS: L PTS: 1

SHORT ANSWER

105. ANS:
Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures are present. The sand and water are one type of heterogeneous mixture. The toys and the sand are another. The lemonade is a homogeneous mixture because, unlike the sand and toys, the different parts of the mixture cannot be seen.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II STA: SC.A.2.3.2

106. ANS:
Because Element A is shiny, it is either a metal or metalloid. It could be either because both conduct heat--although metalloids do not conduct heat as well as metals. Element B is most likely a nonmetal because it is not shiny.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's III STA: SC.A.2.3.2

107. ANS:
Add water to dissolve the sugar. Filter to separate the water from the sand. Evaporate the water to recover the sugar.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's III OBJ: 10/3 STA: SC.A.1.3.1

108. ANS:
The contents of gasoline can vary. It is a mixture, and its ingredients appear to be well mixed, so it is a homogeneous mixture.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 10/3 STA: SC.A.1.3.1

109. ANS:
A compound because the ice contains the same amounts of elements as the liquid water even though it is in a different physical state.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 9/3 STA: SC.A.1.3.1 SC.A.1.3.5

110. ANS:
Electrons move in an electron cloud.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/1 STA: SC.A.2.3.2 SC.H.1.3.1

111. ANS:
Because it takes two electrons to fill the lowest energy level, the atom has a total of five electrons and, thus, a total of five protons; the element with atomic number five is boron.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 6/2 STA: SC.A.2.3.2

112. ANS:
Ag: Silver, metal; As: arsenic, metalloid; Ca: calcium, metal; Cl: chlorine, nonmetal; I: iodine, nonmetal; Ir: iridium, metal; Si: silicon, metalloid; Ti: titanium, metal.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 8/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.1

113. ANS:
All-copper pennies are examples of an element. Nickels are a homogeneous mixture of copper and nickel. Pennies in which zinc and copper are layered are a heterogeneous mixture.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's III OBJ: 10/3 STA: SC.A.1.3.1

114. ANS:
When someone forces air into the tire, the tire expands because the air takes up space, which is one property of matter.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 1/1

115. ANS:
The plane models are physical, scale models based on large visible objects. The models of the atom are mental objects based on items that the scientists could not see directly. Drawings used to represent these mental models may not be drawn to scale.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/1 STA: SC.A.2.3.2

116. ANS:
Unlike metals, nonmetals are poor conductors of heat, poor conductors of electricity, brittle instead of malleable when solid, and dull instead of shiny when solid.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 8/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.1

117. ANS:
No, a compound must contain atoms from more than one element.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 9/3 STA: SC.A.1.3.1

118. ANS:
In a fireplace, only the mass of the wood and of the ashes could be measured. Lavoisier would have used a closed system to measure the quantity of oxygen added and collect the gases produced.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 2/1 STA: SC.A.1.3.5

119. ANS:
Thomson observed beams of particles being bent toward a positively charged plate.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 3/1 STA: SC.A.2.3.1

120. ANS:
He expected the paths of the particles to be deflected by the charged particles in the foil. Because most of the alpha particles passed straight through with no deflection, Rutherford concluded that atoms are mainly empty space.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/1 STA: SC.A.2.3.1 SC.H.1.3.1

121. ANS:
Metalloids because their ability to conduct electricity lies somewhere between the good metallic conductors and the poor nonmetallic conductors.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 8/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.1

122. ANS:
Based on history, models evolve from new evidence. As scientists explore subatomic particles, the model is likely to be altered.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 4/1 STA: SC.A.2.3.2 SC.H.1.3.1

123. ANS:
Although it is solid at room temperature, it is not a shiny, malleable metal. The element (sulfur) would be found among the nonmetals on the right side of the table.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 8/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.1

124. ANS:
The lithium-6 model should show a nucleus with three protons and three neutrons. The lithium-7 model should show a nucleus with three protons and four neutrons. Each model should have three electrons; two should be closer to the nucleus than the third.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's III OBJ: 7/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.1 SC.A.2.3.2

125. ANS:

Properties of Selected Elements
Symbol
Name
Atomic number
Average Atomic Mass
F
Fluorine
9
18.998
O
Oxygen
8
15.999
P
Phosophorous
15
30.974
S
Sulfur
16
32.066


PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's III OBJ: 5/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.1

126. ANS:
At stages B, C, and D it is homogeneous; at stages A, E, and F, it is heterogeneous. Students may note that two additional homogeneous mixtures are introduced as stages E and F to produce the final heterogeneous result.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 10/3 STA: SC.A.1.3.1

127. ANS:

PTS: 1

128. ANS:
a. matter
b. not matter
c. matter
d. matter
e. not matter
f. not matter

PTS: 1

129. ANS:

Element
Number of protons
Number of neutrons
Number of electrons
Atomic number
Mass number
A
3
4
3
3
7
B
2
2
2
2
4
C
11
12
11
11
23
D
6
6
6
6
12
E
17
18
17
17
35


PTS: 1

130. ANS:
Students should identify the particles as electrons; reasoning should indicate that negatively charged particles would be attracted toward the positive (+) plate and away from the negative (–) plate.

PTS: 1

131. ANS:
Students should identify the particles as neutrons; reasoning should indicate that uncharged particles would not be affected by the charges on the plates.

PTS: 1

132. ANS:
Students should identify the particles as alpha particles; reasoning should indicate that positive (+) particles would be attracted toward the negative (–) plate and away from the positive (+) plate.

PTS: 1

133. ANS:
Both mixtures will be made up of more than one substance. In a homogenous mixture, the substances will be evenly distributed throughout. In a heterogeneous mixture, the distribution of substances will be uneven.

PTS: 1

134. ANS:
Both compounds will be made up of the same elements–carbon and oxygen. One will be made up of two atoms, one carbon and one oxygen. The other will be made up of three atoms, one carbon and two oxygen.

PTS: 1

135. ANS:
Rutherford’s experiment showed that much of the atom is empty space, with most of the mass concentrated in a dense central nucleus.

PTS: 1

136. ANS:
Atomic number is the number of protons; mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons. Therefore, atomic number is always less than mass number if there is even one neutron in the nucleus.

PTS: 1

PROBLEM

137. ANS:
The average atomic mass is much closer to 63 than 65, so copper-63 is the more common isotope.

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 7/2 STA: SC.A.1.3.1

138. ANS:
(a) CuO, copper(II) oxide; (b) C2O copper(I) oxide; (c) C4O, copper suboxide

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 9/3 STA: SC.A.1.3.1

139. ANS:
In AlF3, 3 to 1; in AlN4, 4 to 1; in Al4C3, 3 to 4; in Al2O3, 3 to 2

PTS: 1 DIF: Webb's II OBJ: 9/3 STA: SC.A.1.3.1

ESSAY

140. ANS:
The atomic mass will be greater than 240, since all of the isotopes will have 120 protons and 120 or more neutrons.

PTS: 1

141. ANS:
Any given compound is always made of the same elements in the same proportion by mass. So you can write a formula to represent those elements. The proportions of a mixture vary from one mixture to another or from one part of a mixture to another.

PTS: 1