7th Grade - Chapter 16 ONLINE REVIEW

7th Grade - Chapter 16 ONLINE REVIEW
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____ 1. The atmosphere is mostly oxygen.
____ 2. Light energy is used for photosynthesis.
____ 3. Cellular respiration occurs when temperatures cool water vapor in the atmosphere.
____ 4. The nitrogen cycle involves photosynthesis and respiration.
____ 5. Sugar molecules are broken down for energy, which is stored in fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
____ 6. Environmental factors in an ecosystem include nonliving, or abiotic, factors. _________________________
____ 7. Air is composed mostly of carbon dioxide. _________________________
____ 8. Water is the main ingredient in cell fluids. _________________________
____ 9. Heat energy and light energy determine latitude. _________________________
____ 10. A higher elevation causes temperature to increase. _________________________
____ 11. The motion of air causes currents. _________________________
____ 12. Earth's biosphere contains varying amounts of water, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and other minerals. _________________________
____ 13. The term biotic means “of the earth”. _________________________
____ 14. Nitrogen, as it is found in the air, can be used by plants and animals. _________________________
____ 15. Production of food from chemicals is called photosynthesis. _________________________
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 16. Why does burning fossil fuels create energy?
a.
Burning releases carbon dioxide and smoke.
b.
Fire creates more energy than any other element.
c.
The decayed remains are millions of years old.
d.
They are made of energy-rich, carbon-based molecules.
____ 17. Linda is studying the life of animals in the African plains. She learns how the wildlife depend on one another for survival.

What does the food chain show? Which of these organisms obtains the most energy?
a.
how energy decreases from one organism to another; the consumer
b.
how energy increases from one organism to another; the carnivore
c.
how energy is converted from one organism to another; the herbivore
d.
how energy is transferred from one organism to another; the producer
____ 18. What is the name for a deep crack in the ocean floor through which the heat of molten magma is released, and plants and organisms receive nutrients?
a.
hot spot
b.
hydrothermal vent
c.
magmatic ventilation
d.
volcanic rift
____ 19. Daniel heard a news report on television about global warming. The report showed these two graphs to support its conclusion.

Which statement can be determined by comparing the two graphs?
a.
As carbon dioxide decreases, the earth's temperature decreases.
b.
As carbon dioxide decreases, the earth's temperature increases.
c.
As carbon dioxide increases, the earth's temperature decreases.
d.
As carbon dioxide increases, the earth's temperature increases.
____ 20. Which could happen as a result of humans burning fossil fuels and trees?
a.
Extra carbon dioxide released into the air could cause heat from the sun to be trapped in the atmosphere, and the earth's temperature to rise.
b.
Extra carbon dioxide released into the air could cause the number of molecules in the atmosphere to decrease, causing the earth's temperature to rise.
c.
The increase in carbon dioxide could leave trees without enough oxygen, and they could begin to die.
d.
The increase in carbon dioxide could cause photosynthesis to increase, increasing the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere.
____ 21. How does temperature change from the base to the peak of a mountain?
a.
The decrease in elevation leads to more precipitation, which cools the molecules in the air and decreases the temperature.
b.
As elevation increases, the atmosphere becomes thinner and molecules cannot generate heat from their close, rapid movement.
c.
As elevation increases, the atmosphere becomes thinner and the sun heats fewer molecules in the air, creating cooler temperatures.
d.
The increase in elevation forces wind currents upward and cools the molecules in the air, creating cooler temperatures.
____ 22. How does the precipitation pattern on one side of a mountain, affect the environmental conditions on the opposite side of the mountain?
a.
Moisture from the sea is blocked by the mountain and cannot reach the other side, leaving it dry and desert-like.
b.
Moisture is lost as precipitation on one side, leaving the other side of the mountain dry and desert-like.
c.
Precipitation only flows down one side of the mountain, leaving the other side dry and desert-like.
d.
Wind currents are blocked by the mountain, and the moisture cannot reach the other side, leaving a desert-like environment.
____ 23. Humus forms from which of the following?
a.
a combination of soil, bacteria, and fungi
b.
a mixture of bacteria, mold, and worms
c.
the remnants of fossils, crushed rock, algae, and fertilizers
d.
the decayed remains of plants, animals, and animal waste
____ 24. Which element is important to all living organisms, but cannot be used directly from the air?
a.
carbon dioxide
b.
hydrogen
c.
nitrogen
d.
oxygen
____ 25. Which process converts light energy into the chemical energy in sugar molecules?
a.
biosynthesis
b.
chemosynthesis
c.
glucose synthesis
d.
photosynthesis
____ 26. Which process produces energy-rich nutrients from chemicals?
a.
biosynthesis
b.
chemosynthesis
c.
hydrosynthesis
d.
photosynthesis
____ 27. What will happen if a farmer only plants and harvests crops of cotton for seven years, without adding fertilizers or other nutrients to the soil? Why?
a.
Over a span of seven years, the use of insecticides specifically needed for cotton crops will make the soil infertile.
b.
Over seven years, natural disasters such as droughts and floods are more likely to occur, leaving the soil with insufficient nutrients.
c.
The soil will lose its nutrients and become infertile because cotton uses more of the soils nutrients than other crops.
d.
The soil will lose its nutrients and become infertile because the crops are harvested instead of left in the field to decay and return nitrogen to the soil.
____ 28. Which processes are involved in the water cycle?
a.
evaporation, condensation, precipitation
b.
evaporation, precipitation, vaporization
c.
evaporation, condensation, respiration
d.
precipitation, transpiration, vaporization
____ 29. Which of the following is a biotic factor?
a.
sunlight
c.
water
b.
worms
d.
climate
____ 30. Which process uses oxygen in plants, algae, and animals?
a.
transpiration
c.
chemosynthesis
b.
photosynthesis
d.
respiration
____ 31. Decaying matter found in soil is called ____.
a.
humus
c.
latitude
b.
consumer
d.
elevation
____ 32. During photosynthesis, light energy becomes ____ energy.
a.
soil life
c.
mechanical
b.
chemical
d.
pyramid
____ 33. Nitrogen is a necessary ingredient of ____.
a.
white blood cells
c.
fats
b.
carbohydrates
d.
proteins
____ 34. Which of the following eats consumers?
a.
carnivore
c.
bacteria
b.
herbivore
d.
fungi
____ 35. Nitrogen in the soil is used by ____.
a.
plants
c.
both a and b
b.
animals
d.
neither a nor b
____ 36. The chemical energy in sugar molecules can be stored or used in which of the following?
a.
carbohydrates
c.
proteins
b.
fats
d.
all of the above
____ 37. Which is a model of feeding relationships?
a.
protein building
c.
food web
b.
food map
d.
sugar molecules
____ 38. As you move upward, from level to level, in an energy pyramid, energy ____.
a.
decreases
c.
stays at the same level
b.
increases
d.
is destroyed
Completion
Complete each statement.
39. ____________________ factors are nonliving.
40. Carbon dioxide is used by plants for _________________________.
41. ____________________ are not capable of photosynthesis.
42. Average weather conditions over time are called ____________________.
43. Respiration ____________________ oxygen and ____________________ carbon dioxide.
44. Nitrogen fixation is performed by ____________________.
45. The bottom layer of an energy pyramid represents ____________________, the first feeding level.
46. Energy is not recycled, but is ____________________ from one form to another.
47. In a food chain, the lowest level of consumers eat ____________________.
48. Overlapping food chains make a food ____________________.
49. average weather conditions over time ____________________
50. environmental factors that include soil, sunlight, and air ____________________
51. organisms that are not capable of photosynthesis ____________________
52. made of overlapping food chains ____________________
53. gas used during photosynthesis ____________________
54. decaying matter found in soil ____________________
55. bacteria in hydrothermal vent communities use this process to produce food ____________________
56. the air that surrounds Earth ____________________
57. a model that shows comparative energy levels for different feeding levels ____________________
58. place where humus is found ____________________
59. An important biological process: ____________________
Correctly complete each sentence by underlining the best of the three choices in parentheses.
60. Plants, algae, animals, and bacteria use oxygen for ____________________ (transpiration, respiration, condensation).
61. Temperature depends on ____________________ (sunlight, rainfall, wind), which depends on latitude.
62. ____________________ (Chemosynthesis, Photosynthesis, Humus) is the production of food without light energy.
Matching
Match the environmental factor with its classification, abiotic or biotic.
a.
abiotic
b.
biotic
____ 63. sunlight
____ 64. mammals
____ 65. water
____ 66. soil
____ 67. temperature
____ 68. bacteria
____ 69. fungi
____ 70. air
____ 71. humus
____ 72. climate
Match the description with the correct item below. Some items may not be used.
a.
latitude
h.
fertilizers
b.
elevation
i.
air
c.
climate
j.
abiotic factors
d.
producers
k.
sugar
e.
nitrogen fixation
l.
water
f.
energy
m.
consumers
g.
biotic factors
____ 73. cell fluids are mostly this compound
____ 74. distance from the equator
____ 75. high energy molecules made from photosynthesis
____ 76. living ecosystem components
____ 77. changing nitrogen gas to usable nitrogen in the soil
____ 78. distance above sea level
____ 79. required for recycling matter
____ 80. the first level of the food chain
____ 81. applied to replace soil nitrogen in crop fields, lawns, and gardens
____ 82. average weather over time
Match the following types of energy with the phrase that best applies.
a.
light energy
d.
high energy sugar
b.
heat energy
e.
sulfur molecules
c.
chemical energy
____ 83. used in photosynthesis
____ 84. stored in sugar molecules
____ 85. used for warmth
____ 86. product of photosynthesis
____ 87. chemosynthesis
Short Answer
88.
Explain the difference between biotic and abiotic factors, providing two or more examples of each.
89.
Maria is going to present a report about weather to her class. How can she describe in three steps the process by which wind is created?
90.
Draw a basic diagram of the water cycle.
91.
Discuss two ways that plants get the nitrogen they need. How do animals get the nitrogen they need?
92.
How do plants and algae use carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere? Discuss two ways CO2 is released into the atmosphere in the carbon cycle.
93.
Describe the relationship between CO2 and oxygen in the process of photosynthesis. How does this benefit both plants and animals?
94.
Draw a basic diagram of a food web. You may use words or pictures.
95.
Choose two abiotic factors in Earth's environment and discuss the role they play in making life possible.
96.
Discuss how oxygen and nitrogen in the air help to make life possible.
97.
Discuss why organisms that live near the equator might be different from those that live near the Earth's poles.
98. Number these food chain steps in the correct order using the blanks provided.
a. omnivores and carnivores
b. producers
c. herbivores
99. Number these gases in order from the one with the greatest amount in the atmosphere to the one with the least amount in the atmosphere.
a. oxygen
b. nitrogen
c. other gases
d. carbon dioxide
100. List the three main components of the water cycle and provide a brief description of each.
101. If nitrogen in the atmosphere is not in a form plants can use, how do they get nitrogen? What is this process called?
102. Why are the numbers of organisms smaller at high levels of an energy pyramid?
103. What types of organisms are found in soil?
104. Explain how soil can be both biotic and abiotic.
105. Using the carbon cycle as an example, explain how Earth's biosphere recycles materials over and over.
106. How could you use a graduated cylinder, a stopper, water, and sunlight to show the fundamentals of the water cycle?
107. Complete the carbon cycle concept map using the correct terms from the chapter.

108. What are the differences between abiotic factors and biotic factors? Give examples of both.
109. In an energy pyramid with three levels (first level producers, second level consumers, and third-level consumers), what percent of the energy from level one (producers) would eventually be transferred to the top level (level three consumers) of organisms?
110. List two biotic components and two abiotic components of soil.
111. What is the potential danger from having too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
112. Explain how temperature is responsible for wind.
Essay
113. Which abiotic factors determine what lives in an environment?
114. Explain how elevation affects temperature.
115. Explain the steps of a food chain. Use examples for each level.
116. Discuss two ways CO2 can be dispensed into the atmosphere.
117. Explain how the process of cellular respiration is important to life processes

6th Grade - Chapter 13 ONLINE REVIEW

6th Grade - Chapter 13 ONLINE REVIEW
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Jennifer is preparing a diagram about plate tectonics.

How should Jennifer label the upper region of the diagram?
a.
lithosphere
b.
mantle
c.
Pangaea
d.
sediment
____ 2. According to the theory of seafloor spreading, what is forced upward through cracks in the seafloor?
a.
granite
b.
magma
c.
steam
d.
water
____ 3. Seafloor spreading creates which type of boundary?
a.
colliding
b.
convergent
c.
divergent
d.
transform
____ 4. What do the rigid plates of the lithosphere move around on?
a.
the asthenosphere
b.
the crust
c.
the mantle
d.
the ocean
____ 5. Steven is looking at a partially completed drawing of two continental plates that are about to collide.

What will happen when the plates collide?
a.
One plate will plunge beneath the other, less dense one.
b.
The plates will both plunge downward, into the mantle.
c.
The crust will be pushed up, forming a mountain range.
d.
The crust will be crushed, forming a broad plain.
____ 6. When is energy released in the form of seismic waves?
a.
when a fault-block mountain experiences erosion
b.
when magma cools and moves deeper into the mantle
c.
when rocks in Earth's crust break and move
d.
when ocean waves strike the shoreline
____ 7. Which of the following are often formed when an ocean plate converges with a continental plate?
a.
magnetic fields
b.
mid-ocean ridges
c.
lithosphere
d.
volcanoes
____ 8. When two plates slide past one another without converging or diverging, which fault occurs?
a.
normal
b.
reverse
c.
rift
d.
strike-slip
____ 9. During World War I, German scientists developed a new way to detect submarines. Building on this technology, scientists working in the 1940s and 1950s used which type of waves to map large areas of the ocean floor?
a.
radiant
b.
radio
c.
seismic
d.
sound
____ 10. Vicente heats a pan of water to boil an egg. As the water warms, it begins to move in a cycle called a convection current. How do scientists think this cycle relates to plate tectonics?
a.
The cycle explains how water cools.
b.
The cycle explains why water boils.
c.
A similar cycle causes plates to move.
d.
A similar cycle causes erosion.
____ 11. The San Andreas Fault in California is part of which type of plate boundary?
a.
colliding
b.
convergent
c.
divergent
d.
transform
____ 12. Which is a result of compression forces acting on plates?
a.
changes in magnetic fields
b.
folding of rock layers
c.
strike-slip faults appear
d.
rift valleys appear
____ 13. Why are earthquakes common at convergent boundaries?
a.
the collision of continental plates
b.
the force of plates being pulled apart
c.
the absence of subduction
d.
the presence of convection currents
____ 14. The youngest rocks on the ocean floor are located ____.
a.
near continents
c.
far from mid-ocean ridges
b.
at mid-ocean ridges
d.
near Asia
____ 15. The crust and upper mantle make up Earth's ____.
a.
lithosphere
c.
core
b.
asthenosphere
d.
continents
____ 16. Scientists have observed that the plates move at rates ranging from 1 cm to 12 cm per ____.
a.
century
c.
day
b.
decade
d.
year
____ 17. Plates of the lithosphere float on the ____.
a.
crust
c.
core
b.
asthenosphere
d.
atmosphere
____ 18. The result of plate movement can be seen at ____.
a.
abyssal plains
c.
plate centers
b.
ocean margins
d.
plate boundaries
____ 19. The ____ are mountains formed by the collision of the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate.
a.
Alps
c.
Himalaya
b.
Rockies
d.
Appalachians
____ 20. The presence of the same ____ on several continents supports the hypothesis of continental drift.
a.
fossils
c.
neither a nor b
b.
rocks
d.
both a and b
____ 21. The hypothesis that continents have slowly moved to their current locations is called ____.
a.
continental drift
c.
magnetic reversal
b.
continental slope
d.
convection
____ 22. Plates move apart at ____ boundaries.
a.
convergent
c.
divergent
b.
stable
d.
transform
____ 23. The alignment of iron minerals in rocks when they are formed reflects the fact that Earth's ____ has reversed itself several times in the past.
a.
magnetic field
c.
asthenosphere
b.
core
d.
gravity
____ 24. A lack of explanation for continental drift prevented many scientists from accepting that a single supercontinent called ____ once existed.
a.
Glomar
c.
Pangaea
b.
Glossopteris
d.
Wegener
____ 25. The Glomar Challenger provided support for the theory of plate tectonics by providing ____.
a.
high-altitude photos of existing continents
b.
samples of plant life from mid-ocean ridges
c.
samples of older rock found far from mid-ocean ridges
d.
direct measurements of the movement of continents
____ 26. Plates slide past one another at ____.
a.
subduction zones
c.
convection currents
b.
transform boundaries
d.
divergent boundaries
____ 27. The boundary between two plates moving together is called a ____.
a.
divergent boundary
c.
transform boundary
b.
convergent boundary
d.
lithosphere
____ 28. Seafloor spreading occurs because ____.
a.
new material is being added to the asthenosphere
b.
earthquakes break apart the ocean floor
c.
sediments accumulate at the area of spreading
d.
molten material beneath Earth's crust rises to the surface
____ 29. While studying the ocean floor, scientists found ____ bands of magnetism.
a.
plastic
c.
no
b.
alternating
d.
rectangular
____ 30. Continental drift states that continents have moved ____ to their current location.
a.
vertically
c.
quickly
b.
slowly
d.
very little
____ 31. Wegener believed that the continents originally broke apart about ____ years ago.
a.
200 million
c.
400 million
b.
300 million
d.
500 million
____ 32. A fossil plant that helps support the theory of continental drift is ____.
a.
Mesosaurus
c.
Glomar
b.
Glossopteris
d.
Pangaea
____ 33. Matching ____ on different continents are evidence for continental drift.
a.
river systems
c.
weather patterns
b.
rock structures
d.
wind systems
____ 34. Bands of rock on the seafloor showing alternating magnetic orientation indicate Earth's magnetic field has ____.
a.
reversed itself in the past
c.
become stronger
b.
weakened
d.
remained the same
____ 35. A ____ is a sensitive device used to detect magnetic fields on the seafloor.
a.
seismometer
c.
Glomar
b.
geologist's compass
d.
magnetometer
____ 36. ____ currents inside Earth might drive plate motion.
a.
Vertical
c.
Horizontal
b.
Convection
d.
none of the above
____ 37. Scientists believe that differences in ____ cause hot, plasticlike rock in the asthenosphere to rise toward Earth's surface.
a.
density
c.
weight
b.
magnetism
d.
composition
____ 38. In order to complete a convection current, the rising material must eventually ____ Earth.
a.
stop inside
c.
sink back into
b.
cool
d.
warm
____ 39. The Great Rift Valley in Africa is a ____.
a.
mid-ocean ridge
c.
convergent boundary
b.
divergent boundary
d.
transform boundary
____ 40. The Andes mountain range of South America was formed at a ____.
a.
convergent boundary
c.
hot spot
b.
divergent boundary
d.
transform boundary
____ 41. Active volcanoes are most likely to form at ____.
a.
transform boundaries
b.
divergent boundaries
c.
the center of continents
d.
convergent oceanic-continental boundaries
____ 42. ____ are formed when two continental plates collide.
a.
Volcanoes
c.
Mountain ranges
b.
Strike-slip faults
d.
Rift valleys
____ 43. The ____ is (are) an example of a transform boundary.
a.
Appalachian Mountains
c.
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
b.
Himalaya
d.
San Andreas Fault
____ 44. A ____ forms where two oceanic plates collide.
a.
hot spot
c.
transform boundary
b.
subduction zone
d.
rift valley

Figure 10-1
____ 45. According to Figure 10-1, what type of plate boundary occurs between the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate?
a.
transform boundary
b.
divergent boundary
c.
convergent oceanic-continental plate boundary
d.
convergent oceanic-oceanic plate boundary
____ 46. According to Figure 10-1, what type of plate boundary occurs between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate?
a.
convergent oceanic-continental plate boundary
b.
convergent oceanic-oceanic plate boundary
c.
convergent continental-continental plate boundary
d.
transform boundary
____ 47. The seafloor spreading theory was proposed by ____
a.
Alfred Wegener.
c.
Abraham Ortelius.
b.
Harry Hess.
d.
Carl Sagan.
____ 48. As Earth's plates move apart at some boundaries, they collide at others, forming ____
a.
mountains and volcanoes.
c.
strike-slip faults.
b.
ocean basins.
d.
both a and b.
____ 49. The youngest rocks in the ocean floor are located at the mid-ocean ____
a.
volcanoes.
c.
trenches.
b.
basins.
d.
ridges.
____ 50. The results of plate movement can be seen at ____
a.
rift valleys.
c.
plate centers.
b.
plate boundaries.
d.
both a and b.
____ 51. The ____ are forming where the Indo-Australian plate collides into the Eurasian plate.
a.
Andes Mountain Range
c.
Himalayas
b.
Rocky Mountains
d.
Appalachian Mountains
____ 52. The presence of the same ____ on several continents supports the idea of continental drift.
a.
fossils
c.
neither a nor b
b.
rocks
d.
both a and b
____ 53. Continental drift occurs because of ____
a.
seafloor spreading.
c.
magnetic reversal.
b.
Pangaea.
d.
earthquakes.
____ 54. The cycle of heating, rising, cooling, and sinking is called a ____
a.
subduction zone.
c.
convection current.
b.
convergent boundary.
d.
conduction current.
____ 55. Oceanic plates are pushed down into the upper mantle in ____
a.
convection currents.
c.
strike-slip faults.
b.
subduction zones.
d.
divergent boundaries.
____ 56. The hypothesis that continents have moved slowly to their current locations is called ____
a.
continental drift.
c.
magnetism.
b.
continental slope.
d.
convection.
____ 57. Plates move apart at ____ boundaries.
a.
convergent
c.
divergent
b.
transform
d.
magnetic
____ 58. Ocean floor rocks are ____ continental rocks.
a.
more eroded than
c.
younger than
b.
older than
d.
the same age as
____ 59. The alignment of iron-bearing minerals in rocks when they formed reflects the fact that Earth's ____ has reversed itself several times in its past.
a.
magnetic field
c.
asthenosphere
b.
core
d.
gravity
____ 60. The lack of an explanation for continental drift prevented many scientists from believing a single supercontinent called ____ once existed.
a.
Glomar
c.
Pangaea
b.
Glossopteris
d.
Mesosaurus
____ 61. Scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger added to the evidence for the theory of seafloor spreading by providing ____
a.
high altitude photos of existing continents.
b.
samples of plant life from different locations.
c.
samples of rock from different locations.
d.
direct measurements of the movement of continents.
____ 62. Where plates slide past one another, ____ occur.
a.
volcanoes
c.
island arcs
b.
earthquakes
d.
ocean trenches
____ 63. The places between plates moving together are called ____
a.
divergent boundaries.
c.
strike-slip faults.
b.
convergent boundaries.
d.
lithospheres.
____ 64. Seafloor spreading occurs because ____
a.
new material is being added to the asthenosphere.
b.
earthquakes break apart the ocean floor.
c.
sediments accumulate on the ocean floor.
d.
hot, less-dense material below Earth's crust is forced upward toward the surface.
____ 65. Studying the ocean floor, scientists found rocks showing magnetic ____
a.
weakening.
c.
bonds.
b.
reversal.
d.
poles.
Completion
Complete each statement.
66. plasticlike layer of Earth's surface below the lithosphere ____________________
67. cycle of heating, rising, cooling, and sinking ____________________
68. theory that states that Earth's crust and upper mantle are broken into sections, which move around on a special layer of the mantle ____________________
69. area where an oceanic plate goes down into the mantle ____________________
70. plate boundary that occurs when two plates slide past one another ____________________
71. place where two plates move together ____________________
72. rigid layer of Earth's surface made up of the crust and a part of the upper mantle ____________________
73. sensing device that detects magnetic fields, helping to confirm seafloor spreading ____________________
74. one large landmass hypothesized to have broken apart about 200 million years ago into continents ____________________
75. hypothesis that the continents have moved slowly to their current locations ____________________
76. boundary between two plates that are moving apart ____________________
77. sections of Earth's crust and upper mantle ____________________
78. largest layer of Earth's surface, composed mostly of silicon, oxygen, magnesium, and iron ____________________
79. outermost layer of Earth's surface ____________________
80. where rocks on opposite sides of a fault move in opposite directions or in the same direction at different rates ____________________
81. The theory that describes Earth's crust and upper mantle as being broken into sections is called ____________________.
82. The theory of ____________________ was shown to be correct by age evidence and magnetic clues.
83. ____________________, occurring in the mantle, are thought to be the force behind plate tectonics.
84. Earth's plasticlike layer is the ____________________.
85. Earth's ____________________ move around on a special layer of the mantle.
86. The main lines of evidence for ____________________ are fossil, rock, and climate clues, and the theory of seafloor spreading.
87. The rigid part of the plates of the ____________________ are made of oceanic crust or continental crust and upper mantle.
88. The name ____________________ means “all land.”
Matching
Match each term with the correct statement below.
a.
seafloor
c.
continents
b.
Pangaea
d.
lithosphere
____ 89. Alfred Wegener believed that the ______ were once joined.
____ 90. The name ______ comes from two words that mean "all land."
____ 91. The Glomar Challenger gathered information about rocks on the _____.
____ 92. The crust and upper mantle make up the _____.
Match each term with the correct statement below.
a.
mid-ocean ridge
d.
subduction zone
b.
convergent boundary
e.
continental drift
c.
asthenosphere
____ 93. Earth's thick, plasticlike layer is the _____.
____ 94. Plates move together at a(n) _____.
____ 95. One plate is forced under another in a(n) _____.
____ 96. A(n) _____ is an underwater mountain chain.
____ 97. The main points of evidence for _____ are fossils, rocks, and climate.
Short Answer
98.
What evidence supports Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift?
99.
Changes in Earth's magnetic field are preserved in rock forming on both sides of mid-ocean ridges. Why does this support the theory of seafloor spreading?
100.
What is the difference between a convergent and a divergent plate boundary?
101.
In what direction does warmer material move in a convection current?
102.
Why did Alfred Wegener believe that all of the continents once had been joined?
103.
Why are there few volcanoes in the Himalaya?
104.
Glacial deposits often form at a high latitude near the poles. Explain why glacial deposits have been found in Africa.
105.
How were the Andes mountain range, the Himalayas, and the Appalachian Mountains similarly formed?
106.
How were the Andes mountain range and the Himalayas formed differently?
107.
Explain how research from the Glomar Challenger helped scientists support the theory of seafloor spreading.
108.
Figure 10-2 shows the puzzlelike fit of South America and Africa. Explain some of the other evidence used to support the hypothesis of continental drift.
\
Figure 10-2
109.
What new technology was used to map the seafloor beginning in the 1940s and 1950s?
110.
How does a mid-ocean ridge form?
111. Study the following diagram. Then label the parts of Earth's surface.

112. Compare and contrast divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries.
113. Describe how convection currents might be the cause of plate tectonics.
114. Why are new ideas often rejected, and what is needed before new ideas should be accepted?
115. What is the difference between a convergent and a divergent plate boundary?
116. What happens to warmer material in a convection current?
117. What observation led Albert Wegener to develop the hypothesis of continental drift?
118. Which part of Earth's structure is about 100 km thick?
119. How were the Andes Mountain Range, the Himalayas, and the islands of Japan formed in the same way?
120. How were the Andes Mountain Range, the Himalayas, and the islands of Japan formed differently?
121. What causes new material to form at a mid-ocean ridge on the ocean floor?
122. Why are there few volcanoes in the Himalayas?
123. Glacial deposits often form at a high latitude near the poles. Explain why glacial deposits have been found in Africa.
124. Why would the fossil of an ocean fish found on two different continents NOT be good evidence of continental drift?
Essay
125. Explain how research from the Glomar Challenger helped scientists support the theory of seafloor spreading.
126. Since new crust is constantly being added, why does Earth's